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物探与化探  2025, Vol. 49 Issue (4): 954-964    DOI: 10.11720/wtyht.2025.1275
  生态地质调查 本期目录 | 过刊浏览 | 高级检索 |
山东省某典型工业城镇土壤重金属污染特征及风险评估
曾蛟1,2(), 孔令号1,2(), 刘淑亮1,2, 褚宏宪1,2, 赵正鹏1,2, 杨开丽1,2, 郭旭军1,2, 陈亮1,2
1.中国地质调查局 烟台海岸带地质调查中心, 山东 烟台 264000
2.自然资源部 黄河入海口陆海交互作用野外科学观测研究站, 山东 烟台 264000
Contamination characteristics and risk assessment of soil heavy metals in a typical industrial town in Shandong Province, China
ZENG Jiao1,2(), KONG Ling-Hao1,2(), LIU Shu-Liang1,2, CHU Hong-Xian1,2, ZHAO Zheng-Peng1,2, YANG Kai-Li1,2, GUO Xu-Jun1,2, CHEN Liang1,2
1. Yantai Center of Coastal Zone Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Yantai 264000, China
2. Ministry of Natural Resources Observation and Research Station of Land-Sea Interaction Field in the Yellow River Estuary, Yantai 264000, China
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摘要 为探究山东某典型工业城镇土壤重金属污染情况、来源及生态风险,于2022年8~10月采集了499件研究区表层土壤样品,采用经典统计法与空间插值法分析土壤Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn和Ni重金属含量及其空间分布特征,并运用PCA主成分分析法对研究区重金属进行来源解析,使用污染指数法评价研究区重金属污染水平。结果显示:研究区土壤Hg、Cd、As、Pb含量平均值均超过烟台市土壤重金属背景值,且8种元素均存在高值区域,显示重金属元素呈不同程度富集趋势;变异系数分析表明,除Ni外,其余重金属元素受人类活动影响较大;主成分分析表明,土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr主要来源于工业和交通源,As和Hg主要来源于工业、农业和生活源,Ni主要来源于自然条件土壤母质;单因子污染法、地累积指数法和内梅罗污染指数法研究表明,研究区土壤重金属除Hg和Cd外,整体呈无污染和轻微污染,Hg和Cd为研究区污染水平较高的元素;潜在生态风险评价显示,研究区土壤重金属污染整体呈轻微风险等级,少量污染较严重的点位主要分布在工业区周边,工业活动产生的“三废”是周边的土壤重金属富集的主要影响因素。研究区土壤重金属污染整体为中低污染水平,部分土壤重金属含量严重超标,尤其是Hg和Cd为研究区污染程度最重的元素,需引起重视。建议加强工业区周边土壤重金属监测工作,采取科学合理的措施以确保土壤可持续利用。
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曾蛟
孔令号
刘淑亮
褚宏宪
赵正鹏
杨开丽
郭旭军
陈亮
关键词 ： 工业城镇,  土壤重金属,  污染特征,  源解析,  风险评价    
Abstract：

To investigate the contamination, source, and ecological risk of soil heavy metals in a typical industrial town in Shandong Province, China, this study collected 499 topsoil samples from the study area from August to October 2022. The contents and spatial distributions of heavy metals like Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni in the samples were analyzed using classical statistics and spatial interpolation methods. The source apportionment of heavy metals in the study area was explored through the principal component analysis (PCA). The contamination levels of heavy metals in the study area were assessed using the contamination index method. The results indicate that the average contents of Hg, Cd, As, and Pb in soils all exceeded their background values in Yantai City, and high-value zones were observed for all eight elements, indicating various degrees of enrichment. The analysis of coefficients of variation reveals that except for Ni, other heavy metals were significantly influenced by human activities. The PCA suggests that Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr originated primarily from industrial and traffic sources. As and Hg were predominantly derived from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources, while Ni was primarily from natural soil parent materials. The analyses based on the single-factor contamination index, geoaccumulation index, and Nemerow contamination index show that apart from Hg and Cd, other soil heavy metals in the study area exhibited no or slight contamination overall, demonstrating that the study area was principally contaminated by Hg and Cd. The potential ecological risk assessment suggests that the overall heavy metal contamination posed a minor risk level. A few sites with relatively severe contamination were primarily located around the industrial area. The waste gas, wastewater, and industrial residue generated by industrial activities constituted the dominant factor influencing the enrichment of heavy metals in surrounding soils. Overall, soil heavy metal contamination in the study area was at a moderate to low level, with some metals, particularly Hg and Cd, severely exceeding standard levels, warranting attention. It is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of heavy metals in soils around the industrial area, and adopt scientific and reasonable measures to ensure sustainable soil utilization.
Key words： industrial town    soil heavy metals    contamination characteristics    source apportionment    risk assessment
收稿日期: 2024-06-21      修回日期: 2024-11-22      出版日期: 2025-08-20
ZTFLH:  X142  
  X825  
基金资助:中国地质调查局项目(DD20243133);中国地质调查局项目(DD20230411)
通讯作者: 孔令号(1992-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山生态环境及海岸带地质调查研究工作。Email:1245046910@qq.com
作者简介: 曾蛟(1988-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事分析测试工作。Email:416892321@qq.com
引用本文:   
曾蛟, 孔令号, 刘淑亮, 褚宏宪, 赵正鹏, 杨开丽, 郭旭军, 陈亮. 山东省某典型工业城镇土壤重金属污染特征及风险评估[J]. 物探与化探, 2025, 49(4): 954-964.
ZENG Jiao, KONG Ling-Hao, LIU Shu-Liang, CHU Hong-Xian, ZHAO Zheng-Peng, YANG Kai-Li, GUO Xu-Jun, CHEN Liang. Contamination characteristics and risk assessment of soil heavy metals in a typical industrial town in Shandong Province, China. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2025, 49(4): 954-964.
链接本文:  
https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/CN/10.11720/wtyht.2025.1275      或      https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I4/954
Fig.1  研究区域示意及采样点分布
指标 方法来源 测定仪器
As 《岩石矿物分析》氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定砷、锑、铋(DZG20.01—2011) 原子荧光光度计(AFS-8330)
Cu、Ni、
Zn		 《岩石矿物分析》电感耦合等离子体发射法测定27种主、次、痕量元素(DZG20.01—2011) 等离子光谱仪(iCAP 6300)
Cr、Cd、
Pb		 《岩石矿物分析》电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定30种痕量元素(DZG20.01—2011) 等离子体质谱(iCAP Q)
Hg 《岩石矿物分析》冷蒸汽—原子荧光光谱法测定汞(DZG20.01—2011) 原子荧光仪(XGY1011A)
Table 1  土壤重金属含量测定方法及仪器
元素 Hg Cd As Pb Ni Cu Cr Zn
毒性响应系数(${T}_{r}^{i}$) 40 30 10 5 5 5 2 1
Table 2  重金属元素毒性响应系数
单因子指数法 内梅罗指数法 地累积指数法 潜在生态风险指数法
Pi 污染程度 PN 污染程度 Igeo 污染程度 ${E}_{r}^{i}$ RI 风险等级
Pi≤1 无污染 PN≤0.7 清洁 Igeo≤0 无 ${E}_{r}^{i}$<40 RI<150 轻微危害
1<Pi≤2 轻微污染 0.7<PN≤1 警戒 0<Igeo≤1 无—中度 40≤${E}_{r}^{i}$<80 150≤RI<300 中等危害
2<Pi≤3 轻度污染 1<PN≤2 轻度污染 1<Igeo≤2 中度 80≤${E}_{r}^{i}$<160 300≤RI<600 强危害
3<Pi≤5 中度污染 2<PN≤3 中度污染 2<Igeo≤3 中—强度 160≤${E}_{r}^{i}$<320 600≤RI<1200 很强危害
Pi>5 重度污染 PN>3 重度污染 3<Igeo≤4 强度 ${E}_{r}^{i}$≥320 RI≥1200 极强危害
4<Igeo≤5 强度—极强
Igeo>5 极强
Table 3  土壤重金属评价标准
重金属 均值/10-6 标准差 偏度 峰度 变异系数/% 范围/10-6 背景值[38]/10-6 背景值变异系数/%
Hg 0.051 30.9 2.8 13 60.3 0.005~0.258 34 47.0
Cu 22.19 29.6 13.1 200.2 133.5 2.66~529.00 26 52.0
Ni 20.44 10.9 11.3 171.7 33.3 4.90~203.00 24.6 39.0
Zn 54.6 50.5 18.2 371.7 92.5 13.3~1100.0 60.4 30.0
As 7.52 2.9 3.8 39.2 39.0 1.4~41.50 6.4 34.0
Cr 50.32 24.1 13.2 212.2 47.9 17.7~472.00 57 38.0
Cd 0.160 0.4 16.9 323.5 218.1 0.029~7.200 0.12 35.0
Pb 30.070 18.8 12 181.6 62.5 12.857~347.100 27.2 23.0
Table 4  研究区土壤重金属元素含量统计特征
Fig.2  研究区土壤重金属元素含量空间分布
元素 Hg Cu Ni Zn As Cr Cd Pb
Hg 1
Cu 0.067 1
Ni -0.012 0.152** 1
Zn 0.102* 0.844** 0.176** 1
As 0.312** 0.309** 0.053 0.137** 1
Cr -0.004 0.661** 0.361** 0.848** -0.030 1
Cd 0.308** 0.513** 0.058 0.505** 0.490** 0.284** 1
Pb 0.377** 0.399** 0.023 0.430** 0.421** 0.215** 0.793** 1
Table 5  土壤重金属元素Pearson相关性分析
元素 主成分
1 2 3
Hg 0.323 0.564 0.243
Cu 0.841 -0.27 -0.18
Ni 0.247 -0.373 0.872
Zn 0.865 -0.39 -0.188
As 0.468 0.567 0.215
Cr 0.7 -0.616 0.012
Cd 0.797 0.384 -0.062
Pb 0.727 0.459 -0.055
特征值 3.494 1.74 1.04
贡献率/% 43.130 21.479 12.838
累积贡献率/% 43.13 64.609 77.447
Table 6  土壤重金属元素主成分分析
Fig.3  重金属旋转空间成分
元素 污染指数范围 污染指数均值 不同污染级别样点占比/%
无污染 轻微污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
Hg 0.14~7.59 1.51 26.1 55.5 13.0 3.6 1.8
Cu 0.10~20.35 0.85 87.4 10.2 1.4 0.4 0.6
Ni 0.20~8.46 0.85 83.4 15.8 0.4 0 0.4
Zn 0.22~18.21 0.90 81.6 17.6 0 0.4 0.4
As 0.22~6.48 1.18 30.1 67.5 2.0 0 0.4
Cr 0.31~8.23 0.88 86.8 12.6 0.2 0 0.4
Cd 0.24~59.57 1.34 46.5 47.5 3.6 0.8 1.6
Pb 0.47~12.76 1.11 42.5 55.5 1.4 0 0.6
Table 7  土壤重金属元素单因子污染评价
内梅罗指
数范围		 内梅罗指
数均值		 不同污染指数分级样点占比/%
清洁 警戒 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
0.71~43.14 1.64 0 13.6 72.7 9.8 3.8
Table 8  内梅罗综合污染指数评价
元素 地累积指数
范围		 地累积指数
均值		 不同污染指数分级样点占比/%
无污染 无—中度污染 中度污染 中度—强污染 强度污染 强—极强污染 极强污染
Hg -2.79~2.92 0.38 26.1 55.5 16.6 1.8 0 0 0
Cu -3.87~3.76 -1.02 95.6 3.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0 0
Ni -2.88~2.50 -0.90 98.4 1.2 0.2 0.2 0 0 0
Zn -2.77~3.60 -0.83 98.6 0.6 0.6 0 0.2 0 0
As -2.78~2.11 -0.45 86.6 13.0 0.2 0.2 0 0 0
Cr -2.27~2.46 -0.82 99.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 0 0 0
Cd -2.63~5.31 -0.49 88.0 9.6 1.2 0.6 0.4 0 0.2
Pb -1.67~3.09 -0.53 94.4 5.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0
Table 9  地累积指数法污染评价
元素 ${E}_{r}^{i}$指数范围 均
值		 不同污染指数分级样点占比/%
轻微
危害		 中等
危害		 强危害 很强
危害		 极强
危害
Hg 5.8~303.5 60.2 26.1 55.5 16.6 1.8 0
Cu 0.5~101.7 4.3 99.4 0.4 0.2 0 0
Ni 1.0~42.3 4.3 99.8 0.2 0 0 0
Zn 0.2~18.2 0.9 100.0 0 0 0 0
As 2.2~64.8 11.8 99.6 0.4 0 0 0
Cr 0.6~16.6 1.8 100.0 0 0 0 0
Cd 7.3~1790.1 40.2 81.6 14.8 2.4 0.6 0.6
Pb 2.4~63.8 5.5 99.8 0.2 0 0 0
Table 10  单项重金属元素潜在生态风险程度评价
综合潜在生态
风险指数范围		 均值 不同污染指数分级样点占比/%
轻微
危害		 中等
危害		 强危害 很强
危害		 极强
危害
37.8~864.7 121.4 0 0.14 0.73 0.10 0.04
Table 11  多种重金属元素潜在生态风险程度评价
Fig.4  重金属元素RI贡献率
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