北京市房山区土壤重金属元素分布、富集特征及来源解析

doi:10.11720/wtyht.2024.1153

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土壤重金属污染问题日益突出,为了探究北京市房山区土壤重金属含量分布情况,在房山区采集了152件表层土壤样品和240件深层土壤样品。本文对As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb这7种重金属元素在研究区土壤中的含量分布特征及其富集系数(EF)进行了统计分析,并利用主成因分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)对元素相关性、来源及贡献率进行了解析。结果表明:As、Cd、Cu、Ni和Pb在研究区的十渡、史家营、霞云岭、蒲洼等地的表层土壤中含量较高,且Cr、Ni和As在周口店、南窖和河北镇等地也有高值点分布,Hg在窦店、阎村、长阳等东部平原区含量较高;土壤中Hg和Cd 富集程度较强,As、Cr、Ni高度相关;土壤中As、Cr、Ni主要来源于自然源(土壤母质),贡献率为73.6% ~78.6%,Cd多数来自于人为混合源,贡献率为83.3%,混合源包括工矿活动、农业活动和交通排放等,Cu、Pb的自然源和混合源占比相近,均为50%左右,Hg主要来源于大气干湿沉降,源贡献率为72.4%。

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关键词 ：土壤重金属, 分布特征, 富集程度, 来源, 贡献率

Abstract：

Heavy metal pollution in soils has become increasingly prominent. To explore the distributions of heavy metals in soils in Fangshan District, Beijing, China, this study collected 152 topsoil samples and 240 deep soil samples from this district. Based on these samples, this study statistically analyzed the distributions and enrichment factors (EF) of seven heavy metal elements, namely As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb. Furthermore, this study investigated the correlations, sources, and contribution rates of these elements through principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results show that: ① Elements As, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb exhibit high contents in the topsoil of the Shidu, Shijiaying, Xiayunling, and Puwa areas. Besides, elements Cr, Ni, and As manifest high contents locally in Zhoukoudian, Nanjiao, and Hebei Town. Element Hg displays high content in the eastern plain areas including Doudian, Yancun, and Changyang; ② Elements Hg and Cd are highly enriched, and there exist strong corrections among elements As, Cr, and Ni; ③ These elements primarily originate from natural sources (soil parent materials), which contribute to 73.6% to 78.6% of the elements. Element Cd is mostly sourced from an anthropogenic mixed source, which contributes 83.3% of Cd. The mixed source predominantly consists of industrial and mining activities, agricultural production, and traffic emissions. Elements Cu and Pb showed similar contribution rates of natural and mixed sources, both about 50%. Element Hg in soils primarily stems from dry and wet atmospheric deposition, which yields a contribution rate of 72.4%.

Key words： heavy metals in soil distribution characteristics enrichment degree source contribution rate

收稿日期: 2023-04-06 修回日期: 2023-09-19 出版日期: 2024-06-20

ZTFLH:	X142
	X825

基金资助:北京市政府公益性项目“北京市土地质量生态地球化学监测网运行”(11000022T000000439575);“北京西部浅山区生态地质安全专项调查与评价”(11000023T000002075084)

通讯作者: 黄勇(1980-),男,正高级工程师,从事生态地球化学研究工作。Email:huangyongxyz@163.com

作者简介: 韩冰(1978-),男,高级工程师,从事水工环地质研究工作。Email:icoldice@126.com

引用本文:

韩冰, 黄勇, 李欢, 安永龙. 北京市房山区土壤重金属元素分布、富集特征及来源解析[J]. 物探与化探, 2024, 48(3): 820-833.
HAN Bing, HUANG Yong, LI Huan, AN Yong-Long. Distributions, enrichment characteristics, and sources of heavy metals in soils in Fangshan District, Beijing. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2024, 48(3): 820-833.

链接本文:

https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/CN/10.11720/wtyht.2024.1153 或 https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/CN/Y2024/V48/I3/820

Fig.1 研究区矿产资源分布

Fig.2 研究区点位分布

Table 1 各指标的分析方法和检出限

含量范围	准确度 ΔlgC	精密度 λ
含量范围	ΔlgC= $l g C i - - l g C s$	λ= $∑ i = 1 n (l g C i - l g C s) 2 q - 1$
检出限3倍以内	≤0.12	0.17
检出限3倍以外	≤0.10	0.15
1%~5%	≤0.07	0.10
>5%	≤0.05	0.08

Table 2 分析测试准确度和精密度控制要求

参数		As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb
表层	$X ˉ$ /10^-6	9.47	0.189	58.8	25.8	0.095	27.8	28.0
	X_med/10^-6	9.45	0.156	58.0	21.9	0.055	26.8	25.2
	S/10^-6	2.72	0.148	9.3	14.8	0.144	7.0	13.0
	C_V/%	28.7%	78.2%	15.8%	57.6%	151.8%	25.2%	46.5%
	X_min/10^-6	2.27	0.058	33.85	9.2	0.012	11.6	11.7
	X_max/10^-6	20.33	1.395	99.97	125.4	1.093	66.1	123.5
深层	$X ˉ$ /10^-6	10.01	0.139	58.0	22.1	0.051	26.9	22.3
	X_med/10^-6	10.16	0.103	59.6	21.8	0.034	26.9	20.4
	S/10^-6	4.34	0.108	12.3	8.9	0.081	7.7	10.7
	C_v/%	43.3%	77.4%	21.3%	40.3%	159.3%	28.7%	48.0%
	X_min/10^-6	2.46	0.040	12.51	6.2	0.008	8.5	6.5
	X_max/10^-6	24.76	0.564	81.69	48.5	0.533	46.0	75.9
北京市表层土壤X_med/10^-6^[16]		8.50	0.140	58.0	23.0	0.066	25.0	24.0
北京市深层土壤X_med/10^-6^[16]		8.40	0.095	58.0	20.0	0.017	26.0	20.0
海河流域表层土壤X_med/10^-6^[16]		9.70	0.140	66.0	23.0	0.035	28.0	22.0
海河流域深层土壤X_med/10^-6^[16]		9.70	0.100	65.0	22.0	0.016	29.0	19.0

Table 3 重金属元素地球化学特征值统计

Fig.3 研究区土壤重金属元素中位值与北京市及海河流域土壤重金属元素中位值对比

Fig.4 表层土壤重金属元素地球化学分布

Fig.5 研究区垂向剖面元素分布特征

Table 4 富集系数分级

Fig.6 元素富集程度占比统计

Fig.7 Cd(a)和Hg(b)富集系数空间分布

Table 5 重金属元素旋转成分矩阵

Fig.8 旋转空间成分

Fig.9 自然源环境特征

Table 6 实测值与 PMF 模型预测值拟合结果

Fig.10 重金属 PMF 源解析贡献

Fig.11 重金属源因子占比

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