渝东南复杂构造区常压页岩气地球物理勘探实践及攻关方向

doi:10.11720/wtyht.2024.1202

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摘要

中国南方常压页岩气资源潜力大,主要分布于四川盆地周缘构造复杂区及盆外褶皱带,具有地表、地下双复杂地质条件,地震采集品质差、成像精度低、甜点参数变化规律不清。本文系统总结了渝东南地区常压页岩气地震采集、成像处理、储层预测等方面的研究成果与技术进展:①形成了变密度三维观测系统设计技术、灰岩地表复杂山地地震激发接收技术,确保复杂地下构造反射波场充分采样,提升采集资料品质,提高施工效率。②完善了复杂山地地震叠前预处理技术、盆缘过渡带复杂构造成像技术、盆外褶皱带向斜构造成像技术,成果剖面信噪比高,有效频带宽,构造成像精度高。③基于岩石物理特征研究,实现优质页岩厚度、地层压力系数、脆性的定量预测;基于统计岩石物理,实现页岩有机碳含量、含气量、孔隙度的定量预测;利用有限元应力场模拟技术,揭示古应力场演化,实现多期构造改造叠加作用形成裂缝的定量预测;采用组合弹簧模型今应力场预测技术,明确今地应力场分布规律。通过攻关研究,有效指导了常压页岩气甜点预测与勘探开发,为南川常压页岩气田的发现提供了依据。下步应重点攻关基于5G无线节点接收的更加科学合理的地震采集技术、复杂山地高陡构造高精度自动化成像处理技术,以及“地质—工程—经济”一体化的甜点地震评价方法。

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	何希鹏
	刘明
	薛野
	李彦婧
	何贵松
	孟庆利
	张勇
	刘昊娟
	蓝加达
	杨帆

关键词 ：常压页岩气, 盆缘过渡带, 盆外褶皱带, 地震采集, 成像处理, 储层预测

Abstract：

Southern China boasts great potential for normal-pressure shale gas resources,with distribution areas primarily including the peripheral complex structural areas and the extrabasinal fold belts of the Sichuan Basin.These areas exhibit intricate surface and subsurface geological conditions,leading to poor seismic acquisition quality,low imaging accuracy,and unclear varying patterns of sweet spot parameters.This study systematically summarized the research achievements and technical advances in the seismic acquisition,image processing,and reservoir prediction for normal-pressure shale gas in southeastern Chongqing,including:①The development of variable-density 3D observation system design technique and the seismic excitation and reception technique for complex mountains with limestone surfaces,ensuring sufficient sampling of the reflected wave field in complex subsurface structures and improving data quality and construction efficiency;②The optimization of prestack seismic preprocessing technique for complex mountains,imaging techniques for complex structures in basin-margin transition zones, and imaging techniques for synclinal structures in extrabasinal fold belts,achieving resulting profiles with high signal-to-noise ratios,wide effective frequency bands,and high structural imaging accuracy;③The quantitative prediction of the thickness,formation pressure coefficient,and brittleness of high-quality shales based on research on petrophysical characteristics;the quantitative prediction of the organic carbon content,gas content,and porosity of shales based on statistical petrophysics;the quantitative prediction of fractures formed due to the superimposed effect of multi-stage structural modifications based on the paleo-stress field evolution revealed using the finite element simulation technique;and the ascertainment of the distribution patterns of the current in-situ stress field using the current stress field prediction technique developed using the combined spring model.The above breakthroughs have effectively guided the sweet spot prediction,exploration,and production of normal-pressure shale gas,providing a basis for the discovery of the Nanchuan normal-pressure shale gas field.Subsequent research should focus on more scientific and reasonable seismic acquisition techniques based on seismic reception using 5G wireless nodes,high-precision automatic image processing technologies for high-steep structures in complex mountains,and integrated geology-engineering-economy seismic evaluation methods for sweet spots.

Key words： normal-pressure shale gas basin-margin transition zone extrabasinal fold belt seismic acquisition image processing reservoir prediction

收稿日期: 2023-05-15 修回日期: 2024-01-15 出版日期: 2024-04-20

ZTFLH:

P631.4

基金资助:国家科技重大专项“彭水地区常压页岩气勘探开发示范工程”(2016ZX05061);中国石化科研项目“常压页岩气地球物理评价技术研究”(P21087-3)

作者简介: 何希鹏(1970-),男,硕士,研究员,主要从事油气地质及勘探评价等方面的研究工作。Email:hexp.hdsj@sinopec.com

引用本文:

何希鹏, 刘明, 薛野, 李彦婧, 何贵松, 孟庆利, 张勇, 刘昊娟, 蓝加达, 杨帆. 渝东南复杂构造区常压页岩气地球物理勘探实践及攻关方向[J]. 物探与化探, 2024, 48(2): 314-326.
HE Xi-Peng, LIU Ming, XUE Ye, LI Yan-Jing, HE Gui-Song, MENG Qing-Li, ZHANG Yong, LIU Hao-Juan, LAN Jia-Da, YANG Fan. Practices and future research directions of geophysical exploration for normal-pressure shale gas in complex structural areas,southeastern Chongqing. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2024, 48(2): 314-326.

链接本文:

https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/CN/10.11720/wtyht.2024.1202 或 https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/CN/Y2024/V48/I2/314

Fig.1 渝东南地区构造区划与地层柱状图

Table 1 常压页岩气区不同分区地震地质条件与地震采集观测系统参数对比

Table 2 激发接收参数优化前后对比

Fig.2 激发接收参数优化前后地震采集单炮及频谱对比
a—激发接收参数优化前采集单炮;b—激发接收参数优化后采集单炮;c—参数优化前后采集单炮频谱对比

Fig.3 五维叠前数据规则化处理前后剖面对比
a—五维叠前数据规则化处理前剖面;b—五维叠前数据规则化处理后剖面

序号	甜点参数	计算方法	工作原理	预测吻合率
1	优质页岩厚度	①叠前反演求取纵横波速度比 ②求取纵横波速度比≤1.65的地层厚度	优质页岩气层纵横波速度比(1.58~1.65)低于普通泥页岩(1.65~1.75)	≥95%
2	压力系数	$P p = A × e B × V i × P o V m a x - V i V m a x - V m i n$ , 式中 $P p$ 为地层压力,MPa; $P o$ 为上覆岩层压力,MPa; $A$ 、 $B$ 为校正系数,针对渝东南常压页岩气储层,通过实际钻孔测试资料拟合求得A为0.068、B为6.64×10^-4; $V m a x$ 为孔隙接近于零时地层速度,近似基质速度,m/s; $V m i n$ 为刚性接近于零时速度,近似孔隙流体速度,m/s; $V i$ 为预测层段的层速度,m/s	①钻探表明随页岩地层压力系数增大,地层速度降低 ②在Fillippone法基础上引入校正系数 $A$ 、 $B$ ,消除岩性、埋深、物性等其他诸多因素对速度影响	≥90%
3	脆性指数	$B I = c × E / (1 - v 2)$ , 式中 $B I$ 为构建的脆性指数; $E$ 、 $v$ 分别为杨氏模量、泊松比,由叠前反演求取;c为常数,针对渝东南常压页岩气储层,实际数据拟合求得c为1.70	构建脆性指数 $B I$ ,与实际矿物脆性指数相关性高	≥90%
4	有机碳含量	$T O C = 41.21 - 14.94 ρ$ , 式中 $T O C$ 为有机碳含量; $ρ$ 为密度值,由叠前反演求取	密度值与TOC负相关性良好,相关系数达0.86,由两者的拟合关系得到基于密度的有机碳含量计算模型	≥92%
5	含气量	$C z = 50.65 - 18.55 ρ - 6.08 v - 0.02 λ ρ + 0.00025 I p$ , 式中 $C z$ 为含气量; $λ$ 、 $I p$ 分别为拉梅常数值、纵波阻抗值,由叠前反演求取	密度、纵波阻抗、 $λ ρ$ 和泊松比等弹性参数与含气量具有较好负相关性,建立页岩含气量预测多元回归模型	≥91%
6	孔隙度	①优选出叠后地震属性瞬时相位、瞬时频率,叠前AVO属性截距、梯度,以及弹性参数纵波阻抗、杨氏模量、密度、泊松比等共8种属性 ②采用概率神经网络技术,建立上述8种属性与孔隙度间的映射关系,求取孔隙度	对叠后、叠前地震等属性以及叠前反演求取的弹性参数代入概率神经网络进行训练学习,利用实验分析、测井资料设定训练数据集、验证数据集,优选敏感属性并建立与孔隙度间的概率神经网络映射关系	≥90%

Table 3 常压页岩气储层甜点参数定量预测方法统计

Fig.4 南川地区古应力场预测与裂缝系数预测
a—燕山中期最大主应力方向分布;b—燕山中期最大主应力大小分布;c—燕山中期页岩破裂系数分布;d—页岩综合预测裂缝系数分布

Fig.5 南川地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩地层地应力场预测
a—水平最大主应力方向;b—水平最大主应力;c—水平最小主应力;d—水平应力差异系数

Fig.6 渝东南复杂构造区常压页岩气勘探形势

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