Exploring electromagnetic noise suppression technologies for magnetotelluric sounding in high-interference ore districts
HAO She-Feng1,2(), TIAN Shao-Bing2(), MEI Rong2, PENG Rong-Hua3, LI Zhao-Ling4
1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China 2. Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210049, China 3. School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 4. 5th Exploration Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong Province, Tai'an 271000, China
Magnetotelluric sounding (MT) has been extensively applied in mineral resource exploration. However, strong anthropogenic electromagnetic interference severely constrains the acquisition of high-quality original MT data. This study provided a detailed summary of the common types of electromagnetic noise sources in China and analyzed the characteristics of electromagnetic noise they produced. By comparing the methods for MT electromagnetic noise reduction at home and abroad, this study developed a rapid and effective construction and processing technology for MT data denoising in high-interference ore districts based on actual production demands. The results indicate that Robust processing, remote reference technique, and manual selection are effective and necessary in enhancing MT data quality. Besides, theoretical calculations suggest that the distance between the remote reference stations should be set at 3.56-fold skin depth or above, as verified by the MT experiments in the ore district of the Hongze salt basin, Jiangsu Province.
Jiang J J. Thoughts on implementing the strategy of “three depths and one soil” for scientific and technological innovation and development of land and resources[J]. Scientific and Technological Management of Land and Resources, 2017, 34(3):1-8.
Chen L S. Magnetotelluric sounding:An effective approch to survey electrical property and state of matter in the deep earth[J]. Chinese Journal of Nature, 2009, 31(1):39-46.
[4]
陈乐寿, 王光锷. 大地电磁测深法[M]. 北京: 地质出版社,1990.
[4]
Chen L S, Wang G E. Magnetotelluric sounding method[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,1990.
[5]
Fischer G. The magnetotelluric sounding method[J]. Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1982, 63(29):578.
Zhang Q S, Yang S. An application study of noise elimination for magnetotelluric sounding data[J]. Geophysical Prospecting For Petrole, 2002, 41(4):493-499.
[7]
杨生. 大地电磁测深法环境噪声抑制研究及其应用[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2004.
[7]
Yang S. The study of restraining environmental noise and its application in magnetotelluric sounding[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2004.
[8]
Clarke J, Gamble T D, Goubau W M, et al. Remote-reference magnetotellurics:Equipment and procedures[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1983, 31(1):149-170.
doi: 10.1111/gpr.1983.31.issue-1
Sun J, Jin G W, Bai D H, et al. The noise interference of magnetotelluric sounding data[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2000, 24(2):119-127.
Ling Z B, Wang P Y, Wan Y X, et al. A combined wavelet transform algorithm used for de-noising magnetotellurics data in the strong human noise[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2016, 59(9):3436-3447.
Zhu W, Fan C S, Yao D W, et al. Noise source analysis and noise characteristics study of mt in an ore concentration area[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2011, 35(5):658-662.
Xu Z M, Tang J T, Qiang J K. An analysis of the magnetotelluric strong interference types in ore concentration areas[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2012, 36(2):214-219.
Ge S C, Li B. Review of the characteristics and processing methods of human noise interference in magnetotelluric[J]. Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2021, 43(5):609-619.
Wang H, Cheng J L, Teng X Z, et al. Source effect on magnetotelluric data due to mining area and its suppression[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2016, 31(3):1358-1366.
Zhou C, Tang J T, Yuan Y, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of electromagnetic fields in strong noise area[J]. Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition, 2020, 50(6):1870-1886.
[16]
Gamble T D, Goubau W M, Clarke J. Magnetotellurics with a remote magnetic reference[J]. Geophysics, 1979, 44(1):53-68.
doi: 10.1190/1.1440923
[17]
Ritter O, Junge A, Dawes G J K. New equipment and processing for magnetotelluric remote reference observations[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1998, 132(3):535-548.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00440.x
[18]
Shalivahan, Bhattacharya B B.How remote can the far remote reference site for magnetotelluric measurements be?[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2002, 107(B6):1-7.
Yang S, Bao G S, Zhang Q S. A study on the application of remote reference magnetotelluric sounding technique[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2002, 26(1):27-31,49.
Zhou C, Tang J T, Ren Z Y, et al. Application of the Rhoplus method to audio magnetotelluric dead band distortion data[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2015, 58(12):4648-4660.
[21]
Egbert G D, Booker J R. Robust estimation of geomagnetic transfer functions[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1986, 87(1):173-194.
doi: 10.1111/gji.1986.87.issue-1
[22]
Chave A D, Thomson D J, Ander M E. On the robust estimation of power spectra,coherences,and transfer functions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1987, 92(B1):633-648.
[23]
Sutarno D, Vozoff K. Robust M-estimation of magnetotelluric impedance tensors[J]. Exploration Geophysics, 1989, 20(3):383-398.
doi: 10.1071/EG989383
[24]
Goubau W M, Gamble T D, Clarke J. Magnetotelluric data analysis:Removal of bias[J]. Geophysics, 1978, 43(6):1157-1166.
doi: 10.1190/1.1440885
Chen Q L, Hu W B, Su Z L, et al. Study for long-distant and far-referential MT[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2002, 37(2):145-148,200.
[26]
Ueharai D, Ishimaru T, Tanase A, et al. Effectiveness of far remote reference method on magnetotelluric(MT)survey and deep resistivity structure in the southern region of the kii peninsula,southwest Japan[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology, 2003, 44(3):164-174.
doi: 10.5110/jjseg.44.164
Xu Z M, Xin H C, Lyu F J. Ore cluster area of Luzong magnetotelluric(MT)method of remote reference research[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2014, 29(4):1822-1830.
[28]
张刚. 长周期大地电磁数据处理方法研究[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2015.
[28]
Zhang G. Research on long-period magnetotelluric data processing[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2015.
[29]
Mallat S G. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition:The wavelet representation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989, 11(7):674-693.
doi: 10.1109/34.192463
He L F, Wang X B, Wang C X. Improving the s/n ratio of mt data by wavelet analysis[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology, 1999, 26(3):299-302.
[31]
Trad D O, Travassos J M. Wavelet filtering of magnetotelluric data[J]. Geophysics, 2000, 65(2):482-491.
doi: 10.1190/1.1444742
[32]
Anvari R, Nazari Siahsar M A, Gholtashi S, et al. Seismic random noise attenuation using synchrosqueezed wavelet transform and low-rank signal matrix approximation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2017, 55(11):6574-6581.
doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2730228
[33]
Cai J H, Xiao Y L. Impulse interference processing for MT data based on a new adaptive wavelet threshold de-noising method[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2017, 10(18):407.
doi: 10.1007/s12517-017-3194-7
Wan Y X, Wang L X, Zhang H W, et al. Research on human noise suppression of MT data based on wavelet transform[J]. Journal of Jilin University:Information Science Edition, 2021, 39(6):624-629.
[35]
Huang N E, Shen Z, Long S R. A new view of nonlinear water waves:The Hilbert spectrum[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1999, 31:417-457.
doi: 10.1146/fluid.1999.31.issue-1
[36]
Cai J H. A combinatorial filtering method for magnetotelluric time-series based on Hilbert-Huang transform[J]. Exploration Geophysics, 2014, 45(2):63-73.
doi: 10.1071/EG13012
[37]
Cai J H. A combinatorial filtering method for magnetotelluric data series with strong interference[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2016, 9(13):628.
doi: 10.1007/s12517-016-2658-5
Chen J, Yan L J, Zhou L. Denoising of magnetotelluric data based on Hilbert-Huang transform[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2021, 45(6):1462-1468.
[39]
Donoho D L. Compressed sensing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2006, 52(4):1289-1306.
doi: 10.1109/TIT.2006.871582
Tang J T, Li G, Xiao X, et al. Strong noise separation for magnetotelluric data based on a signal reconstruction algorithm of compressive sensing[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2017, 60(9):3642-3654.
[41]
Parker R L. The inverse problem of electromagnetic induction:Existence and construction of solutions based on incomplete data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1980, 85(B8):4421-4428.
Xu Z M, Xin H C, Tan X P, et al. An analysis of the experimental result of MT remote reference technique in strong electromagnetic interference region[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2018, 42(3):560-568.
Zhang G, Tuo X G, Wang X B, et al. Application of magnetic field correlation in remote reference magnetotelluric data processing[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2017, 52(6):1333-1343,1125-1126.
Tian S B, Liu B L, Mei R, et al. Study on the application of remote reference magnetotelluric sounding technique in low resistance area of east coast of China[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2022, 37(1):430-442.
[46]
汤井田, 何继善. 可控源音频大地电磁法及其应用[M]. 长沙: 中南大学出版社, 2005.
[46]
Tang J T, He J S. Controlled source audio magnetotelluric method and its application[M]. Changsha: Central South University Press, 2005.
Zhang L H, Li Z X, Zhang J H, et al. Experimental research of electromagnetic field distribution around 500kv supervoltage power line[J]. Seismological Research of Northeast China, 1998(1):17-30.