Definition, classification, and functions of underground research laboratories for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste and the scientific research plan of Beishan underground research laboratory
WANG Ju1,2(), LUN Long1,2
1. CAEA Innovation Center for Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste, Beijing 100029, China 2. Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China
Underground research laboratories (URLs) for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste serve as critical facilities for verifying the safety and suitability of the sites of potential disposal repositories and for developing disposal technologies. URLs are irreplaceable in many aspects such as the siting and system design of potential disposal repositories, the development of the theories and technologies for disposal engineering, the safety and characteristic assessments, full-scale field tests, and on-site demonstration. This study highlights the definition, classification, and functions of URLs and categorizes existing primary URLs both in China and abroad. URLs are generally categorized into general URLs (first generation) and site-specific URLs (second generation). The construction of disposal repositories in China has progressed from national, regional, and site screening to site evaluation and to URL construction. The authors of this study proposed the concepts of "site-specific URLs" and "third-generation URLs" in 2010 and 2014, respectively. Furthermore, the Beishan URL-the world's first site-specific URL for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste-has been built. This study introduces the siting process, planning, positioning, and functions of the Beishan URL, as well as the functions of primary scientific experiments and main field experiments conducted during its construction. The results of this study serve as a guide for future siting and R&D of disposal repositories.
王驹, 云龙. 高放废物地质处置地下实验室的定义、分类和功能以及我国北山下实验室的科研规划[J]. 物探与化探, 2024, 48(6): 1507-1518.
WANG Ju, LUN Long. Definition, classification, and functions of underground research laboratories for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste and the scientific research plan of Beishan underground research laboratory. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2024, 48(6): 1507-1518.
Fig.2 利用原有矿山或隧道扩建的普通地下实验室(1.0版)示意 a—Bukov Underground Research Facility,URF[14](捷克);b—Asse II mine[15](德国);c—Josef Regional Underground Research Center,URC[16](捷克);d—Grimsel Test Site, GTS[13](瑞士);e—G-Tunnel[17](美国);f—Tournemire Research Tunnel[18](法国)
法国,国家放射性废物管理机构 (French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency,Andra)
1979~1990
盐岩,>300
[13]
4
Fanay-Augeres underground laboratory
法国,辐射防护与核安全研究所 (Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety,IRSN)
1980~1990
花岗岩
[19]
5
Tournemire Research Tunnel
法国,辐射防护与核安全研究所 (Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety,IRSN)
1989~至今
黏土岩,200~250
[18]
6
Asse II mine
德国,联邦辐射防护局(Bunde- samt für Strahlenschutz,BFS)/联 邦企业监事会(Bundes-Gesell- schaft für Endlagerung mbH, BGE)
1965~1995
盐岩, 490~800 m水平巷道, 950 m的硐室
[15,20]
7
Tono
日本,日本原子能机构(Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JAEA)
1986~2006
沉积岩,130
[13]
8
Kamaishi
1988~1998
花岗岩
[13]
9
Stripa mine
瑞典,瑞典核燃料和废料管理公 司(Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, SKB)
1976~1992
花岗岩,360~410
[17]
10
Climax Spent Fuel Test Facility, Nevada
美国,美国能源部(U.S. Department of Energy, DOE)
1978~1983
花岗岩,420
[21]
11
G-Tunnel, Nevada
1979~1990
凝灰岩,300
[22]
12
Grimsel Test Site(GTS)
瑞士,瑞士国家放射性废物处置 合作公司(National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste,Nagra)
1984~至今
花岗岩,450
[13]
Table 1 普通地下实验室(1.0版)介绍
Fig.3 新建的普通地下实验室(1.1版)示意 a—Whiteshell Underground Research Laboratory[23](加拿大);b—High-Activity Disposal Experiment Site, HADES[24](比利时);c—Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory, MIU[25](日本);d—?sp? Hard Rock Laboratory, HRL[26](瑞典);e—Mont. Terri Rock Laboratory[27](瑞士);f—Horonobe Underground Research Center[28](日本);g—北山坑探设施[29](中国);h—KAERI Underground Research Tunnel, KURT[30](韩国)
序号
名称
国家与运行机构
运行时间
围岩与深度/m
参考文献
1
Whiteshell Underground Research Laboratory
加拿大,加拿大原子能机构(Atomic Energy of Canada,AECL)
1963~1985
花岗岩, 240~420
[23]
2
High-Activity Disposal Experiment Site URL, Mol (HADES)
比利时,比利时国家放射性废物和浓缩 裂变材料机构(Belgian National Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Material)
1984~至今
黏土岩,225
[24]
3
Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU)
日本,日本原子能机构(Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JAEA)
2004~至今
花岗岩,500、1000
[25]
4
Horonobe Underground Research Center
2000~至今
沉积岩,1000
[28]
5
北山坑探设施(Beishan Exploration Tunnel, Bet)
中国,核工业北京地质研究院(BRIUG, CNNC)
2015~至今
花岗岩,50
[29]
6
KAERI Underground Research Tunnel (KURT)
韩国,韩国原子能研究所(Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute,KAERI)
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