This paper describes in detail two series of airborne gravimetic systems, namely airborne gravimetric systems (also called GT-1A) designed, manufactured and tested by Russian scientists, and AIRGrav developed by Canadian Sander Geophysics Limited. These two series of systems, using inertially stabilized platform, are suitable for geological survey and prospecting of oil/gas and minerals. Besides, some airborne gravity gradiometric systems such as Falcon, AirFTG, GEDEXTM and ARKeX-EGGTM are reviewed in brief.

The surface oil and gas geochemical exploration technique has made remarkable application results. Nevertheless, Due to the different standards for success rate calculation and the inherent defects of the technique, people do not have much confidence in this technique. Therefore, the development of surface oil and gas geochemical exploration technique should be on the one hand based on reliable experimental data, rigorous mathematical deduction and theoretical modeling and on the other hand combined with geological, remote sensing and non-seismic geophysical methods so as to give full play to its advantages such as rapidness, low cost and directness.

Using the geochemical pattern lineage and the theory of usable elements for mineralization, the authors, based on 1:50000 regional geochemical data of Zhongtiaoshan area, have made divisional processing of the original data from the ore-forming belt in accord with Jiangxian Group and Zhongtiao Group, and re-delineate the anomalies. The part of metal quantity higher than the threshold was regarded as the usable metal quantity for mineralization, and the ratio of the proved resource reserves to the prognostic resource quantity in the anomaly was regarded as the metal quantity suitable for mineralization. Calculation shows that the metal quantity suitable for mineralization is 32%. The total resource quantity and the potential resource quantity were also predicted. On the basis of anomaly characteristics, metallogenic geological conditions and resource quantity prognosis, the authors hold that the outskirts of the Tongkuangyu ore district and the areas around Beiyu brachyanticline are major places for further ore-prospecting work.

Based on a detailed study of compositional characteristics of fluid inclusions in major gold deposits along Machaoying faulted belt, the authors have summed up fluid geochemical characteristics and probed into compositions, sources and evolution of the fluids. It is held that the ore-forming fluids are of mixed geneses characterized by low salinity, weak alkalinity and relatively high degree of mineralization, with the ore-forming fluids being derived from deep sources at the early stage and mixed with large quantities of meteoric water at the late stage. The factors governing fluid evolution and the mechanisms controlling the migration and precipitation of gold and other ore-forming materials in fluids have been analyzed. The fluid activities seem to be the key factor for mineralization. The systematic study of ore-forming fluids helps to reveal in essence the metallogenic conditions and geneses of gold deposits in Machaoying faulted belt, and contributes to better understanding of gold metallogenic regularity and prognosis of ore deposits.

Using isotopic (D, ¹⁸O, ¹⁴C)geochemical methods, this paper has studied the genetic relationship between the isotopic composition of meteoric water and that of underground hot water, analyzed the supply source of the Kaifeng geothermal field and the generation of the geothermal water, and calculated its formation age.

The Longweigou porphyry copper deposit in Qinghai Province is an important deposit discovered in southern Altun Mountains in recent years.It has been proved that the Cu (Au) ore bodies are directly related to the granite-porphyry veins. Based on geological and geochemical background, this paper has discussed the relationship between the porphyry veins and the ore-forming process, and put forward the metallogenic mechanism of this porphyry Cu (Au) deposit.

The shallow deformation through active Huangzhuang-Gaoliying fault near Lishuiqiao in Beijing urban area was investigated with high-resolution seismic exploration. The results indicate that there exists structure of three layers at the shallow part of the area, and the active fault consists of many concealed faults which remain active at present. There are multi-subsidence centers on the hanging wall of the fault which are characterized by different locations and different subsidence ranges in different periods. Lots of small faults were produced beside these subsidence centers. According to these characteristics, the activity of Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault can be studied reliably.

The faults-enclosed oil/gas accumulation is controlled by faults, and the radioactive anomaly model above the oil/gas accumulation has its unique characteristics. Based on a discussion on the mechanism governing the formation of radioactive anomaly, this paper puts forward a radioactive anomaly pattern above the faults-enclosed oil/gas accumulation. An analysis of the radioactive anomaly characteristics of the radiometric profile above an oil accumulation in Yanji basin shows that the radioactive anomaly pattern above the faults-enclosed oil/gas accumulation does exist.

The Yindongling silver deposit is another important discovery in the Weishancheng metallogenic belt after the discovery of the Poshan silver deposit and the Yindongpo gold deposit. Its discovery is also a new breakthrough in prospecting for metaclastic type silver (gold) deposits in recent years. The summarization of the ore-forming geological conditions and geochemical characteristics of the Yindongling silver deposit is of great significance. Geochemical characteristics of the Yindongling silver deposit show that the variation of ore-forming elements is closely related to stratigraphic sequences and rock types of Waitoushan Formation. Ore-forming elements are obviously different in different strata and rock types. Au and Ag are relatively high in carbonaceous-sericite-quartz schist and leptite of the middle-upper part of Waitoushan Formation, and in leptite and mica-quartz schist of the lower part of Waitoushan Formation, which are direct wall rocks of Ag-Au orebodies. Alteration leads to obvious entrance of ore-forming elements but exerts no remarkable influence on the transportation of rare earth elements. Based on horizontal and vertical zoning, the author considers that the transportation of ore-forming hydrothermal solution is mainly in the form of percolation, and subordinately in the form of infiltration. According to geological and geochemical characteristics and element ratios at different elevations, the author has established geochemical assessment criteria, which are of reference value in the prospecting and evaluation of ore deposits in this area.

Located in the southeast of Da Hinggan Ling Yanshannian metallogenic belt, the Sandaowanzi gold deposit is a typical quartz vein gold deposit discovered in recently years. Based on sampling method tests (sampling horizon and size fraction experiments), it is known that the optimal sampling horizon is B2 soil and the best sampling size fraction is -40 mesh grain size.Through applying the method to soil survey, some Au, Ag, As and Sb anomalies were delineated, and several new gold orebodies were found.The centers of the anomalies coincide with the gold orebodies. The effects of oil survey are fairly good.

Based on a study of the survey methods and the formation mechanism of the anomalies caused by radon and its daughters over the sandstone uranium deposits, this paper deals with the data processing and interpretation methods. An analysis of the measured data from Dongsheng area shows that the low value anomalies of radon and its daughters are in accord with the mineralization sectors, and that the anomalies caused by radon and its daughters as well as the interpretation method are effective. This study has laid the foundation for the application of radon and its daughters characterized by great penetration capacity in search for uranium deposits.

In the peripheral areas of Beijing, deep groundwater resources are mostly exploited from fractured shatter zones or karst fissures, and dolomite karst fissure water of Jixian System serves as the main geothermal resource.The fracture structure type underground hot water has been relatively rarely exploited.With practical examples, this paper deals with the role of controllable source audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding in the exploration of fracture structure type geothermal resources and karst shatter and fracture structure type groundwater resources as well as the application results.

Some new advances in detecting geological formations by acoustic signal are described in this paper. The basic principle and characteristics of non-linear (parametric) sonar system are elaborated. Lots of case studies have been made for the efficiency evaluation of the SES-96 system.

There exist large quantities of engineering obstacles such as magnetic pole in some shallow water areas. In the light of the characteristics of magnetic pole, this paper, starting with an analysis of the magnetic field of the simplified mathematical model for the direct axis magnetized infinite extension columnar body, deals with the distribution regularity of the magnetic field and gradient field of the direct axis magnetized finite extension columnar magnetic body which is closer to the actual situation. On such a basis, it is suggested that the method of horizontal magnetic gradient measurement could be adopted to detect magnetic characteristics of magnetic pole.

To further study the problem of mine TDEM, the authors set up a model for the roadway and the abnormal body, and made numerical simulation of the transient field excited by a magnetic dipole source by using the seven node difference scheme of the diffusion equation. The result shows that the isolines of the "smoke ring" field where the conductor is located are obviously abnormal, and the effect of the conductor weakens with time. However, the abnormality where the roadway is located can last longer. The isoline section figures of the magnetic field and δH/δt are plotted on the basis of the data obtained at quite a few surveying points. The figures show that the isolines congregate towards the conductor, and the abnormality lasts longer in the isoline section figures of δH/δt.

Cosine Approach Method is a new technique for removing 50Hz industrial noise. However, because of the complexity of the real data, the method cannot effectively suppress the industrial noise contained in some real data. Based on a careful analysis of the real data, this paper proposes to adopt refined frequency scanning, super sampling of cosine signal and amplitude statistics of seismic data to improve the precision and practicality. The theoretical analysis and processing result of the real data show that the improved method is more practical and precise.

In this paper, the topographic effects on CSAMT apparent resistivity data in Qin Imperial Mausoleum's archeological exploration are described, with a comparison of different correction methods. The results show that different correction methods would yield remarkably different interpretations. Therefore, topographic correction methods should be chosen and used with sufficient care in data interpretation of rolling topography. If we adopt suitable correction methods to make topographic correction, the topographic effects on CSAMT archeological data can be obviously suppressed, and the data interpretation quality can be improved. It is concluded that topographic correction is very important.

Systematic tests were undertaken to detect the performance of portable GPS, and a method was adopted for figuring out the internal parameters during the transformation of the coordinate system. The correction of the system parameter can make the positioning precision much more precise than the standard 10~15 m. Such a precision can meet the technical demand for the arrangement of large-scale or medium-scale geophysical and geochemical exploration networks.

This paper discusses the limiting error, precision and method of three-dimensional seismic survey in the coalfield, exemplified by the application of the method to the line arrangement of three-dimensional seismic exploration in the Chengzhuang coal mine of Jinzhong Prefecture. The precision of the data and the efficiency of actual operation have been improved. The method is used effectively in the three-dimensional seismic exploration.

Adopting the acoustic wave detection device and applying the principle of reflection energy and phase variation of the audio-frequency stress wave at different wave impedance surfaces, the authors made nondestructive tests for qualities of roofbolts and anchors in tunnels, and investigated the detection technique. The results show that the adoption of the stress wave to the nondestructive detection of roofbolt and anchor qualities has enriched the techniques for detection of anchor qualities in tunnel wall rocks, and can better guarantee the quality of tunnel engineering construction.

This paper discusses basic principle, working method and data processing of radon surveying. Considering radioactive decay of radon surveying data and many disturbing factors in actual work, we require analysis, emendation and processing of actual data. For the purpose of practical application, the authors have designed a visual and integrated radon data processing system, whose software can realize preprocessing, emendation and plotting of radon data.

On the basis of the MAPGIS platform, a multi-source information forecast system for coal mine water disaster has been developed and written with VC++ language. Multi-source data, including seismic, electrical and hydrological data, are processed. Special maps, registration and spatial quantitative analyses are made in the MAPGIS system. A forecast model is constructed. Using the system, the authors processed the actual data in some coal mines and, as a result, obtained more accurate forecasting results.

The technology of three-dimensional visualization is very useful in that it can provide three-dimensional image which contains the information of structures and stratigraphic characteristics. The authors attempt to achieve the three-dimensional visualization of seismic horizon based on Java-X3D. Compared with the conventional methods, this technology has advantages of stepping platforms, real-time character, distribution feature, and the power of interaction. It can satisfy the demand of three-dimensional visualization of highly complicated calculation in the network environment. In this paper, the authors employ the bend surface using the coordinate of the horizon based on X3D, and apply the function of viewpoint switch.