华北地区稀土矿床特征及找矿方向

doi:10.11720/wtyht.2022.1040

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Abstract

Based on the systematic collection of information of rare earth element (REE) deposits in North China, this paper analyzes the current situation of REE resources and the temporal-spatial distribution regulation of REE deposits in North China.The mineralization types of the REE deposits in North China mainly include sedimentary and metamorphic type, igneous carbonate magma type, magmatic hydrothermal type, pegmatite type, andion-adsorption type. Given thegeotectonic locations and ore-controlling factorsof REE deposits in North China, the geodynamic background favorable for the formation of the REE deposits includes the ancient metamorphic basement, Archean-Paleoproterozoic rift zones on continental margins, Middle Proterozoic rift zoneson continental margins, and Yanshanian active continental margins in coastal areas of the West Pacific. Thetectonic-sedimentary-magmatic prospecting favorable conditions include volcanic-sedimentary events during the early development of regional deep faults and geosynclines and the magmatic activitiesof alkaline syenitesand alkaline granites. Meanwhile, the geochemical background favorable for REE mineralization consists of high precipitation amount, alluvial plains, and brown soil distribution areas.

Key words： North China Plate and its periphery rare earth element deposits mineralization type prospecting direction

Received: 20 January 2021 Published: 25 February 2022

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P632

Corresponding Authors: LI Jun-Jian E-mail: tishan_yuei@163.com;tjljunjian@163.com

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	Ze-Lin ZHAO
	Jun-Jian LI
	Tong ZHANG
	Zhen-Ping NI
	Yi PENG
	Li-Jun SONG

Cite this article:

Ze-Lin ZHAO,Jun-Jian LI,Tong ZHANG, et al. Geological characteristics and prospecting direction of rare earth element deposits in North China[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2022, 46(1): 46-57.

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https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/10.11720/wtyht.2022.1040 OR https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I1/46

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Distribution map of rare earth elements deposits in North China(revised according to the reference[22])

矿床	成矿类型	矿区地质特征	矿体特征	矿石特征	规模	时代
白云鄂博稀土矿	火成碳酸岩型	出露中元古界下白云鄂博群和石炭系宝力格庙组火山岩。白云鄂博群包括17个岩性段(H1-H17)和6个岩组,其中H8白云质大理岩是主要的铌—稀土—铁矿体主要赋矿层位,H9为板岩,为矿体顶板,呈断层接触。矿区侵入岩包括古元古代片麻状斜长片麻岩和海西期闪长质—花岗质岩类,与矿化无关。矿区褶皱发育,作用于白云鄂博群各岩性段,H1、H2为宽沟北向核部,H9、H10为白云向斜核部。矿区北部为白银角拉克—宽沟断裂,为EW走向并与乌兰布拉格大断裂交汇,交汇处控制了白云岩产出	矿体包括主矿、东矿、西矿和东部接触带4个矿区。东矿产于白云向斜北翼,NEE走向,倾向SSW,长1 300 m,宽均179 m,最大延伸深870 m,呈不规则透镜体状,两端渐变成白云岩及板岩;主矿体位于白云向斜南翼,走向近EW向,倾向S,长1 250 m,平均宽245 m,最大延伸深度 1 030 m,呈透镜体状,两端尖火于白云岩中。西矿矿段为主矿以西由东西向排列十数个小矿体组成,东西长10 km,南北宽约1 km,呈层状、透镜状,具条带状构造,铁矿体与围岩界限不清,由品位圈定。东部接触带位于白云向斜构造的北冀,白云岩与海西期花岗岩接触部位处。矿体产状多与围岩产状一致,总体呈透镜体、层状和似层状	矿石具有粒状变晶结构、粉尘状结构、交代结构、固溶分离结构等;具块状构造、浸染状构造、条带状构造、层纹状构造、斑杂状构造、角砾状构造等。主要有用元素为铁、铌、稀土,其次含多种分散元素和放射性元素。造岩矿物为白云石、方解石和石英等。稀土矿物主要为独居石、氟碳铈矿、黄河矿、氟碳钙铈矿和磷耿石等。含铁矿物为磁铁矿和赤铁矿。主要含铌矿物为铌铁矿、易解石、褐钇铌矿、烧绿石和铌铁金红石等。铁矿储量1 500 Mt(35%Fe),REE储量48 Mt(6%RE₂O₃)和1 Mt Nb (0.13% Nb)	超大型	中元古代
郗山轻稀土矿	碱性岩浆岩型	出露太古宇泰山群山草峪组黑云斜长片麻岩。燕山期花岗岩发育,受微山湖—东平湖断裂控制。含矿碱性杂岩体主为正长岩、石英正长岩、霓辉石英正长岩,呈椭圆形,NW-SE向延伸,SW向倾斜,侵于山草峪组。控矿构造和容矿构造为EW向、NNW向、NE向、NEE向、SN向和EW向6组断裂	矿体包以萤石型矿脉、石英重晶石型矿脉和石英方解石型矿脉形式产出,括矿脉60余条,多分布在碱性岩体顶、底板附近。单条矿脉长110~580 m,深200~500 m,宽0.2~8 m。矿脉由氟碳铈矿、萤石、重晶石、石英、方解石等组成。矿脉多充填于北西向压扭性构造裂隙中,倾向210~245°,倾角50°~70°	稀土矿物主为氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、铈磷灰石、铈镧霓辉石,次为锆英石、褐帘石、独居石、榍石等。主要有益组分为轻稀土元素,包括Ce、La、Nd、Pr、Sm以及Eu、Er、Gd、Lu、Y 等;其他金属元素有Tu、U、Mo、Pb等。TR₂O₃变化于1.55%~4.92%,平均3.25%	中型	燕山晚期
桃花拉山稀有稀土矿	沉积变质型	矿区出露前中元古界二道凹群中深变质岩系,含矿层位为条带状大理岩夹角闪片岩、薄层状钙质片岩。与矿体接触处多为薄层状,颜色变暗,颗粒渐次变细。侵入岩主要包括吕梁期闪长岩和加里东晚期花岗岩。成矿前断裂为走向310°~315°,大体呈“S”形,中间近东西,为控矿的主要构造。成矿后断裂对矿体起破坏作用	矿带东西长达11 km,南北宽约60 m,走向295°~310°,南倾,倾角60°~75°。目前大致圈出20个矿体(西矿区12个,东矿区8个),长35~904 m,多数为200~500 m。平均厚1.4~14.0 m,延深一般在200 m以下。矿体多为似层状,少数呈透镜状。矿层与围岩呈渐变关系,并可见同步褶皱现象,局部为断层接触。围岩一般为条带状大理岩,局部地段的围岩为花岗质混合岩	矿石自然类型分为大理岩型和片岩型。主要工业矿物为铌铁矿、铁铁金红石、独居石、易解石等。矿石结构为不等粒花岗变晶结构、花岗变晶结构、花岗鳞片变晶结构,矿石构造有块状构造、片状构造。与铌、稀土、磷矿化有关的蚀变主要为褐铁矿化、黑云母化、磷酸盐化、钾钠长石化	中型	古元古代
塔埠头稀土矿	伟晶岩型	矿区出露地层主要为古元古界荆山群野头组,岩性为黑云变粒岩、大理岩、斜长角闪岩等,总体走向近EW向。矿区侵入岩主要为燕山晚期花岗岩、花岗伟晶岩、石英脉,稀土矿化主要发育在花岗伟晶岩中。断裂构造主要有近EW向的上庄断裂及水集—徐格庄断裂	共探明4个工业矿体,稀土氧化物总储量398 t,平均品位1.603%,主要包含4个矿体^[38],矿体呈似层状或板状,长33.5~60 m,平均厚1.57~7.47 m,延伸7~43 m,倾向为NNE,倾角32°~68°	矿石矿物包括褐帘石、氟碳铈镧矿、锆石、榍石、钍石等;脉石矿物主要有钾长石、斜长石、石英、黑云母等。矿石中稀土元素含量较高,主要为铈、镧、钕、钇等,铌、钍均达到工业要求,另含一定量的铀、钽、铪、铷、铯等有用元素	小型	燕山期
东七一山稀有矿	碱性岩浆岩型	矿区出露寒武—奥陶系西双鹰山组碎屑岩夹火山岩。侵入岩为七一山复式杂岩体,其中含矿岩体为碱长花岗斑岩和似斑状碱长花岗岩,局部或外围见石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二云母花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩等	52 号铷矿体分布在钠长石化花岗岩中。走向NE—SW向,倾向N。为一简单透镜体,长400 m,厚172. 5 m。铍矿体含铍矿物为细粒绿柱石,脉石矿物为钠长石、石英、黄玉、铁锂云母等	铷矿体见于钠长石化花岗岩中,元素赋存于锂云母和鳞云母内。铷含量0.1%~0.215%,平均0.133%。铍矿石具细脉状,矿石矿物为细粒状绿柱石,BeO含量0.1%~0.43%,平均0.172%。铌钽矿物为铌铁矿—钽铁矿、细晶石—烧绿石、铌钽金红石类等	大型	白垩纪

Metallogenic information of typical rare earth elements deposits in North China

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