Exemplified by the utilization of geophysical data in search for a concealed iron deposit and based on the deduction and interpretation of the gravitational, magnetic and electrical cross-shaped profile data in a certain area, this paper sums up the train of thought and working methods for reducing the ambiguity in the geophysical anomaly interpretation. It is held that various kinds of constraint data should be accurately and completely collected during the field work and data acquisition so as to reduce the ambiguity, and that the one-by-one judgment and exclusive method seems to be an effective way for this purpose.

The computation project and computation process for gravity correction values within the pure spherical coordinate system are expounded for the first time in this paper. All important formulae in the scheme are educed separately by the authors. The excellences of this computing scheme are as follows: ① By using observational point P as the center of the computation region and by using spherical surface distances am=am-1+Δa·bm-1(m=2,3,…,M) as the radius, the computation region is plotted out as M girdles. Then, By using Δλ0 as the angle interval of radials from P point, all girdles are plotted out as integral N parts. This scheme for plotting out the computation region is extremely precise and its computation precision is very high. ② Under the condition of complex terrain and remarkable different altitudes, the computation precision can be improved by minimizing values of Δa,b and Δλ0. ③ The gravity correction values of very large surveying area will not be confined by the 6°cingulum and the standard map sheet and can directly be computed by using altitude values with longitude and latitude.

With the increasing depth and difficulty of geological exploration, the requirements of geochemical anomaly evaluaion have become higher and higher, and it is of great significance to find new geochemical indicators to improve the success rate of ore-prospecting. The authors studied  REE indicators in the Wunugetushan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, the Handagai skarn type mineralized bodies and the Kenshan multi-element anomalies, and the results show that REE indices are obviously different between orerelated anomalies, barren anomalies, porphyry mineralization and skarn mineralization.This discovery makes it possible for us to use REE to evaluate geochemical anomalies.

In order to meet the demand of largescale detailed magnetic survey in geological mapping and mineral exploration, the authors, with the dynamic delta-winged aerobat as the carrier and on the basis of the integration of the present advanced software and hardware technologies, designed and developed the MAMSS-1 type minimum altitude highprecision aeromagnetic system. After the successful trial flight, low altitude aeromagnetic survey with the linespacing of 100 m was performed over a known ore district. The result is very close to the result of the medium-scale ground magnetic survey. It is thus concluded that this system can be used as an effective rapid appraisal means in place of large-scale and mediumscale ground magnetic survey.

With the domestic borehole magnetometer, the authors calculated magnetic azimuth in the nonmagnetic interference hole and introduced the concept of Δβ, which is called magnetic azimuth anomaly. The relationship between the symbol of Δβ and the direction of ΔH was clarified, and the relationship between the figure of Δβ and the magnetic body position was obtained. It is thus held that we can use Δβ as an auxiliary parameter in the calculation of magnetic source position.

LX tectonic zone steps across two work area. In order to gain more clearly geological structure of LX, 3D seismic data,Block-jointed processing scheme should be put into practice. The orientation of LX tectonic zone is not orthogonality with primary reference frame, and the geodetic coordinates of the second area are missing. In order to acquire better processing effect, a new reference frame is defined again for all work area. The coordinate convert technique not only resolve the problem of missing of geodetic coordinate and the disaccord between two area, but also reveal the geological structure more clearly. Processing result proved that the method can accomplish block-jointed processing successfully.

In the same survey area, there exist great differences in phase, power and frequency because of different surface conditions and irregular shooting of controllable vibratory seismic and exploding sources. The authors applied such processing methods as surface consistency, wavelet matching filter and residual static correction to eliminate these differences, with a good seismic profile achieved.

This paper gives a systematic description of the geological effects of applying the high-density resistivity method and shallow seismic method to the exploration of exhausted areas, and makes an analysis of the interpretation results of these two methods along the same survey line. Test and drilling verification show that the bilateral triode observation system of the high-density resistivity method should be mainly employed with the aid of the shallow seismic image method. As the underground situation is very complex, the application of different geophysical methods can attain the aim of mutual verification and mutual supplement.

In order to make time domain airborne electromagnetics response data fast interpret，the response data are transformed from time domain to  domain and the poles and residues are extracted，which represent the geometric and physical characteristics of the targets investigate. The induced electromotive force are represented as the matrices which are decomposed to construct a matrix pencil,which are based on matrix pencil method.The parameter estimation is carried out by using the Singular Value Decomposition and the Least Squares Method.The results of forward and theory response data reconstruction have shown that the extracted poles and residues can be described the main characteris of the transient response，and random noise are restrained in some degree.That is, this practical method can be provide to fast time domain airborne electromagnetics data interpretation.

The study area is in a high mine-gas coalfield, and the detection of the development of deflection and collapse columns is an urgent task. In view of the facts that it is difficult for the poststack time migration method to achieve accurate structure-oriented imaging of deflection and that this method has multiplicity of solutions in coalfield seismic exploration, this paper, from the applied advantage of Kirchhoff prestack migration technology, used 3D seismic data of the Yangquan coalfield, followed the amplitude-preserving principle, conducted the careful prestack noise attenuation and fine static correction, and eventually completed the prestack time migration processing through fine velocity analysis and migration parameters selection.  The application results show that, in comparison with poststack migration, prestack time migration processing has obtained deflection imaging with high accuracy, high interpretation reliability, and low multiplicity of solutions. In addition, It improves the amplitude response of collapse columns by amplitudepreserving processing, and raises the discrimination ratio. Hence prestack time migration of amplitudepreserving is an effective method for high accuracy 3D structureoriented seismic exploration in complex mining areas.

With the development of seismic attribute technology, the reliability of the precision of attributes has some risk in meeting the requirements of an coal mining area, which is related to the uncertainty and nonexclusive nature in the application of seismic attributes. This paper has analyzed  the factors responsible for the applied risk of seismic attributes and, with examples, indicated that the integration of the threedimensional seismic attribute information with the geological information revealed in the mine tunnel for realization of dynamic interpretation is the effective means to improve the reliability of the results of 3D seismic attributes in a coal mining area.

Dispersion is the most remarkable feature of the channel wave. In view of this, this paper has deduced the dispersion function of the symmetrical three-layer model and drawn the dispersion curves. The characteristics of the dispersion curves are analyzed through theoretical calculation. The relationship between parameters of strata and characteristics of Rayleigh channel wave dispersion is also studied. It is indicated that the dispersion curve can be used to estimate the width or the velocity of the strata.

 Numerical integration of Hankel transforms is effective tools for EM Sounding 's forward numerical simulation, this paper made out formula derivation of numerical integration of Hankel transforms by digital filtering, and use digital coefficients to do numerical compute which was put forward by Guptasama and Singh，finally contrasted to theoretical resolve expression and analyzed this algorithm's error distribution. The results show that the calculation of this algorithm continuously approximate its theoretical solution, it has no oscillation, high precision and great practical value in the numerical simulation study.

The appearance and structure of an ancient city wall made of earth might have been greatly changed beyond recognition through long exogenic or/and earth-leveling processes. It is therefore crucial to gain a clear idea of the original extension of the moat and the structure of the city wall in the protection of the city wall. The electric conductivity of a slacktip deposit is different from that of the original city wall, so is the filling in the moat course from the raw earth along the moat. Their difference in the resistivity is thus effective in distinguishing the structure of a city wall from the extension of a moat. This paper presents a successful case study of the wall and moat of Helv fortress, the result of which has been proved to be consistent with that obtained by an traditional archaeological method.

The shear wave velocity of subsurface can be estimated by analyzing the passive surface waves typically generated by cultural and natural sources. This article first introduces the passive surface waves and the processing procedure, and then utilizes the simulated passive waves to compare the FK and SPAC methods in deriving dispersion curves. It also discusses the general requirements of data acquisition and demonstrates some field examples.

Geochemical primary halo exploration indexes for metallic ore deposits include single element index, multielement index and combinational index. The study and application of these indexes are carried out mainly in such fields as the judgment of the erosion section of an ore body, the evaluation of blind ore body and the recognition of dispersed mineralization. With the ending of the surface ore exploration, the oreprospecting work has laid emphasis on looking for blind ore bodies in the depth. On the basis of past work, the depth and range of index application should be raised. With the improvement of analytical technique, the strengthening and development of elements not analyzed in the past as well as the study of the indication role of isotopes and modes of occurrence of elements should be emphasized so as to realize quantfication of anomaly indexes, put forward new indexes and eventually improve the oreprospecting effect of primary halo.

According to the properties of light hydrocarbon in relation to environment, the modes of occurrence of light hydrocarbon can be divided into free state, dissolution state, physical adsorption state, chemical adsorption state and hydration state. Based on the distribution characteristics of light hydrocarbon of these five modes of occurrence which find expression in content and fabric, we can make discrimination and evaluation of corresponding strata and underlying strata. The composition and content characteristics of five modes of occurrence of light hydrocarbon contain abundant oil and gas information over all related oil and gas reservoirs in China.

After the 8.0 magnitude earthquake that occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province，the authors established monitoring points of aftershock in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province. The relationship between the aftershocks and the Rn-Hg content change in soil gas was observed on the spot and at regular intervals in 17 days. The results show that the soil gas mercury content is generally more than 200 ng/m3 in the hanging wall of the earthquake fault， the content value is two times higher than that of the footwall（In fractures along the section，mercury anomaly value can reach 560 ng/m3），but radon content value shows no distinct change. Along the strike of the seismogenic main fault, the closer it is to the epicenter, the higher the Rn, Hg background values are. If mercury content is more than 20 ng/m3 in the background section, there is Rn anomaly simultaneously, which Indicates that there might occur higher probability of aftershock with highfrequency and over 4.0 magnitude within 300 km and 4～48 hours; if things are not like that, the aftershock will not occur.

The authors made statistic calculation of stream sediment data using such means as traditional statistics, robust estimation，cumulative percentage of 85% and multifractal statistical method in Chabaqi area and compared the thresholds obtained by the four methods. The thresholds of the same elements obtained by the four methods are obviously different from each other. The thresholds calculated by the cumulative percentage statistics are lowest except for lead, and the thresholds calculated by the other three methods fail to show obvious regularity.The results are closely related to the distribution characteristics of the geochemical data and the statistical methods used. Comparing the anomaly characteristics with the geological characteristics, the authors have found that, although weak and gentle geochemical anomalies will be mostly detected by cumulative percentage of 85%, the larger anomaly areas will bring difficulties to anomaly inspection in the field. It is therefore thought that the thresholds obtained by multifractal statistical method are suitable for the study area. A comparative study of the thresholds has led the authors to believe that the reasonable method must be combined with the actual geological conditions and based on a thorough study of the geological background of the study area.

The result of magnetotelluric sounding dectection on the profile along Dongcuo basin in Tibetan Plateau shows that the area is divided into four electrical zones,The thickness of the sendiment of the basin is 2~4 km. The surface of the basement presents two depressions and one dome. The conformation is controlled by two overthrusts through the profile. We conclude overthrusts exist at two sides of the basin, and they move towards central part of the basin. 

A study of aeromagnetic anomalies in Hebei Province reveals that oreforming regularities of different ore species in different areas have their respective characteristics, and that the corresponding local aeromagnetic anomalies also assume different features. It is thus concluded that the study of the relationship between local aeromagnetic anomalies and mineralization is of great significance, and can provide geophysical basis in search for concealed ore bodies.

In order to meet the demand of mineral resources in national economic construction, China has strengthened the deep mine investigation. Based on an analysis of the geological environment and ore-forming conditions of Hengge area in Panzhihua with the emphasis placed on aeromagnetic anomaly, ground high-pecision magnetic survey and drilling work, the authors accurately predicted the existence of a large-size vanadium titanomagnetite deposit according to magnetic anomaly characteristics. It is thus held that magnetic anomaly characteristics constitute an ore-rospecting model for predicting large-size ore deposits, and also serve as a most effective means for deep iron deposit exploration.

 The Heri gold ore deposit is of the cataclastic altered rock type, and its ore bodies lie in plagiogranite, sandy slate and their contact zones. Through electrical exploration, ten polarizability anomalies were delineated, and by summarizing the electric characteristics of every geological unit as well as analyzing and processing these anomalies, two gold veins were found and a concealed quartz vein type gold ore body was inferred. It is believed that No. 4 and No. 5 gold veins have some extension in length. The direction for further geological prospecting in this area is also pointed out. The results show that the IP method is an effective means in this area.

Based on chemical features and isotope analyses of water from JR5 to JR9 wells in the geothermal field of Jingshan County, the authors determined the replenishment fountainhead and path of the water.Chemical change of water in JR7 well in the past 30 years has been related to mixture of hot and cool water and cooling of terrestrial heat liquid. Geochemical thermometric scales of K, Mg and silicon dioxide were chosen to estimate temperature of the geothermal reservoir, and the results of the SiO2 thermometric scale are almost consistent with the K and Mg thermometric scale, with the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature of the geothermal field being 99～108 ℃, and the depth of the thermal reservoir being 744 meters. Researches on isotope tracing indicate that the recharge source of the geothermal field is meteoric water, and the recharge height should be over 800 m. Calculation of the halflife of tritium shows that the duration of the runoff should be 40～60 years. An analysis of regional geological conditions reveals that the replenishment area of the geothermal fluid is located in Dahong Mountain area about 60 kilometers northwest of the geothermal field, and the activity and eruption of basalts have brought a mass of heat energy. In addition, Jingshan area has a deep fracture, which could provide the pathway for groundwater; the water is heated through deep circulation and then concentrated near Tangyangfan，thus forming the geothermal field.

More and more importance has been attached to geothermal resources, which are regarded as a kind of clean energy resource. China's geothermal resources are dominated by medium-low temperature geothermal fields, and mostly belong to conduction type and convection type in genesis. Integrated geophysical exploration is a kind of geophysical exploration technique formed and developed on the basis of integrated application of varied single methods. This paper gives a brief description of the effect of applying the routine electrical sounding method in combination with radioactive survey and "mise-a-la-masse" method to stratigraphic division, rock body study and waterbearing fissure zone detection in the Wangjiazhuang geothermal field of Tongshan County.

 We apply cross-hole seismic tomography cascade algorithms to obtain accurate and high resolution P wave velocity structure in Ken 71 block. At first, for precisely picking the first-arriving travel times, we compose the break first wave filed according to take off angle of receiver recording. And then, a multi-layered velocity is structured consisted with well sonic logs as the starting model. Finally, we perform cascade algorithms. This method is characterized by the idea of successive approximation from low to high resolutions. The BPT algorithm of low resolution and stability was used first to provide initial earth model for higher resolution algorithm: improved algorithm of LSQR with damping iterations. The high resolution tomography results are matched well with borehole logs, the distribution of the high/low velocity layers in tomography image are consistent with the location of sand/mud layers which are predicted from the borehole logs. The result can image sand-mud interbed with layers 1/4 wavelength. The research shows that cascade algorithms simultaneously considers the high resolution and accuracy of tomography and can significantly improve the quality of crosswell traveltime tomography. So this method could be widely used in exploration and monitoring of oil fields.

 By using the surface layer parameters inquiry system and Oracle database techniques, users can query the surface testing data on line. The inquired result can be displayed in such table and graph formats as shortrefraction time-distance graph, up-hole survey time-distance graph, weathering/subweathing isopach map, isovelocity surface graph and cross-section graph. The surface layer testing data acquired since 1989 has been digitized by the system.

Shallow seismic exploration has been playing an increasingly important role in engineering geologial survey. With the high resolving ratio of the shear wave and the full exploring depth of the compression wave, we can improve the accuracy of seismic exploration. On the basis of model research and through detailed data processing, depth migration or time-to-depth transform, the authors transformed practical stack section to depth section. In the depth domain, a preferable effect of application was attained by using contrastive interpretation

In order to quickly detect the hazards such as subgrade freezing and thawing along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the authors developed a real-time data acquisition, processing and transmission system for special ground penetrating radar system in this project. Parallel ADC of high-speed and highprecision combined with FPGA technology and USB bus was applied to achieve fast, real-time transmission of radar data which were processed in real-time by the floating-point digital signal processor of high-performance. Three-channel real-time data acquisition, processing and transmission system was designed. The experimental results show that the system can achieve a relatively high data throughput to meet rapid and continuous testing requirements of the groundpenetrating radar in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

 The high-density resistivity method is a good means to identify the material characteristics of the big and long tunnels within the buried depth of 100～250 m. In this paper, the high-density resistivity method was employed to conduct the linking exploration work along a certain tunnel of the Bao-Lan Passenger Railway. The stratigraphic structure and general engineering geological situation along the tunnel were revealed through examination, and the interpretation is quite in accord with the reality, thus providing the basis for further construction.

Using the ground-penetrating radar technology, the authors studied the strong punning effect of mudstone filling embankment. GPR can detect the impact depth and range of strong punning with different frequency antenna radars and effectively guide the construction.