北京平原区土壤地球化学特征及影响因素分析

doi:10.11720/wtyht.2021.1330

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Abstract

This study was based on soil geochemical survey data obtained in Beijing plain. The methods of mathematical statistics, factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to study the horizontal and vertical distribution characteristics of soil elements, and the influencing factors were discussed. The result shows that the content of CaO, MgO, Na₂O, Hg, Cd, Sr, Ba, and Sn in soil is high and that of Sb, As, Th, W, Br, U, I, Mo and organic matter is low. The result of R-type factor analysis shows that factor F1 reflects the characteristics of the original soil background, factor F2, factor F4 and factor F6 reflect the influence of human activities on the distribution characteristics of soil elements, factor F3 reflects the basic information of soil parent material, and factor F5 reflects the basic characteristics of soil parent rock. The vertical distribution characteristics of elements were modeled by regression analysis. The regression coefficient R² is 0.542~0.960, and the effect is good. From the regional scale, it is preliminarily determined that the depth of human activities on Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn is 150~200 cm, and that on N, P, S, Se, and organic matter is 50~100 cm. In general, the content of 39 elements such as Se, Bi, Li, organic matter, Mo and W in cinnamon soil is higher than that in alluvial soil.The relationship between the values of 29 elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Ni, N and B in different soil textures are in order of sandy loam<sandy clay loam<clay loam<loamy clay. The content of Cd, N, P and organic matter in cultivated soil is significantly higher than that in forest land. The content of harmful metals and nutrients in the soil of the central urban area is higher than that in the suburban area.

Key words： geochemical characteristics factor analysis correlation analysis mathematical modeling influencing factors

Received: 29 June 2020 Published: 29 April 2021

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	Huan LI
	Yong HUANG
	Qin-Rui ZHANG
	San-Man JIA
	Guo-Zhi XU
	Bei-Bei YE
	Bing HAN

Cite this article:

Huan LI,Yong HUANG,Qin-Rui ZHANG, et al. Soil geochemical characteristics and influencing factors in Beijing Plain[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2021, 45(2): 502-516.

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https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/10.11720/wtyht.2021.1330 OR https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/Y2021/V45/I2/502

Distribution map of soil types in Beijing Plain

Sketch map of the sampling locationsin Beijing Plain

分析指标	规范要求	检出限	分析方法	分析指标	规范要求	检出限	分析方法
Ag	0.02	0.006	ES	Pb	2	0.0008	ICP-OES
As	1	0.011	AFC	Rb	10	1.4	XRF
Au	0.0003	0.000099	GF-AAS	S	30	7.8	XRF
B	1	0.21	ES	Sb	0.05	0.016	AFC
Ba	10	0.0006	ICP-OES	Sc	1	0.0076	ICP-OES
Be	0.5	0.0001	ICP-OES	Se	0.01	0.007	AFC
Bi	0.05	0.014	AFC	Sn	1	0.17	ES
Br	1	0.6	XRF	Sr	5	0.0493	ICP-OES
Cd	0.03	0.017	ICP-MS	TC	0.1^*	0.017	EA3001
Ce	1	0.0418	ICP-OES	Th	2	0.0001	ICP-OES
Cl	20	8	XRF	Ti	10	0.1741	ICP-OES
Co	1	0.0002	ICP-OES	Tl	0.1	0.0022	ICP-MS
Cr	5	0.0003	ICP-OES	U	0.1	0.008	ICP-MS
Cu	1	0.4889	ICP-OES	V	5	0.0001	ICP-OES
F	20	0.87	ISE	W	0.4	0.0148	ICP-MS
Ga	2	0.0002	ICP-OES	Y	1	0.9	XRF
Ge	0.1	0.00062	HG-AFS	Zn	4	0.0096	ICP-OES
Hg	0.0005	0.0004	AFC	Zr	2	0.8	XRF
I	0.5	0.18	UV	Al₂ $O 3 *$	0.05	0.008	XRF
La	5	0.00004	ICP-OES	CaO^*	0.05	0.0033	ICP-OES
Li	1	0.202	ICP-OES	K₂O^*	0.05	0.00508	ICP-OES
Mn	10	0.0003	ICP-OES	MgO^*	0.05	0.0008	ICP-OES
Mo	0.3	0.016	ICP-MS	Na₂O^*	0.1	0.0081	ICP-OES
N	20	0.0018	EA3000	Si $O 2 *$	0.1	0.013	XRF
Nb	2	0.0029	ICP-OES	TFe₂ $O 3 *$	0.05	0.0026	ICP-OES
Ni	2	0.0002	ICP-OES	Corg^*	0.1	0.072	CS-3600
P	10	0.0025	ICP-OES	pH	0.10	0.03	pH计

The analysis method and detection limit of target elements

属性	指标	平均值	中位值	标准离差	变异系数	最小值	最大值	全国土壤背景值^[31]
有害重金属 (类金属)元素	As	8.60	8.56	2.21	25.7%	2.78	19.6	11.2
	Cd	0.166	0.152	0.074	44.8%	0.058	0.782	0.097
	Cr	59.5	58.6	11.7	19.6%	26.0	147	61.0
	Cu	26.4	22.2	36.5	138%	7.80	805	22.6
	Hg	0.175	0.057	0.679	388%	0.011	9.13	0.065
	Ni	24.9	24.8	4.60	18.5%	11.5	52.6	26.9
	Pb	26.4	23.8	15.1	57.2%	14.4	283	26.0
	Zn	81.5	70.7	119	146%	43.2	2833	74.2
养分指标	C	1.59	1.47	0.76	47.6%	0.28	6.78
	N	961	929	428	44.5%	166	4013
	P	878	781	407	46.4%	284	4872
	S	203	183	83.0	40.8%	71.0	848
	有机质	1.72	1.54	0.97	56.3%	0.18	9.03	3.31
有益微量元素	B	40.2	39.3	10.3	25.5%	14.6	83.1	47.8
	Br	3.37	3.14	1.63	48.5%	0.03	19.2	5.40
	Cl	80.1	69.0	54.7	68.3%	24.8	693
	Co	11.2	11.1	1.96	17.5%	6.09	21.8	12.7
	Ge	1.37	1.34	0.21	15.6%	0.93	3.11	1.70
	Mn	593	572	142	23.9%	320	2064	583
	Mo	0.69	0.65	0.19	27.4%	0.37	2.36	2.00
	V	74.1	73.1	10.8	14.6%	43.6	125	82.4
健康元素	F	506	487	112	22.1%	270	1361	478
	I	2.05	1.80	1.39	67.9%	0.48	16.0	3.76
	Se	0.29	0.23	0.36	122%	0.05	5.79	0.29
常量元素	Al₂O₃	12.7	12.6	1.12	8.9%	9.72	17.1	12.5
	CaO	3.92	3.83	1.93	49.2%	0.85	11.9	2.16
	Fe₂O₃	4.31	4.24	0.65	15.0%	2.96	7.17	4.20
	K₂O	2.47	2.45	0.29	11.9%	1.25	3.49	2.24
	MgO	2.07	2.05	0.51	24.6%	0.87	5.76	1.30
	Na₂O	2.08	2.05	0.38	18.2%	0.60	3.65	1.37
	SiO₂	60.1	60.3	2.90	4.8%	49.6	66.5
稀有稀土元素	Ce	66.5	65.5	9.10	13.7%	35.8	107	68.4
	La	34.7	34.2	4.70	13.5%	20.6	55.0	39.7
	Sc	9.98	9.99	1.40	14.1%	5.35	16.7	11.1
	Th	9.46	9.48	1.95	20.6%	2.78	17.0	13.75
	U	1.87	1.86	0.27	14.5%	1.03	3.08	3.03
	Y	22.6	22.2	7.6	33.6%	12.2	187.7	22.9
其他金属元素	Ag	0.129	0.096	0.123	95.4%	0.043	0.986	0.132
	Au	3.85	2.00	7.14	186%	0.46	87.61
	Ba	643	621	96.0	14.9%	457	1476	469
	Be	1.87	1.85	0.25	13.6%	1.20	2.91	1.95
	Bi	0.34	0.29	0.25	74.5%	0.10	3.23	0.37
	Ga	15.4	15.1	1.60	10.4%	10.2	21.6	17.5
	Li	28.3	27.3	7.70	27.3%	14.1	104	32.5
	Nb	14.0	13.8	2.00	14.0%	8.80	25.6
	Rb	90.6	90.0	9.50	10.5%	57.6	127	111
	Sb	0.93	0.87	0.72	77.5%	0.32	16.4	1.21
	Sn	3.50	2.72	4.22	121%	1.50	59.4	2.60
	Sr	285	280	96.0	33.6%	77.0	833	167
	Ti	3695	3629	533	14.4%	2170	7519	3800
	Tl	0.61	0.60	0.08	12.7%	0.40	1.10	0.62
	W	1.64	1.53	1.50	91.2%	0.71	34.2	2.48
	Zr	248	243	39.0	15.7%	171	587	256
酸碱度	pH	7.56	7.75	0.62	8.2%	3.73	8.48	6.70

Statistical characteristics of elements in soil

The results of the ratio of the mean value of soil elements in the Beijing Plain to the national soil background value

指标	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6
As	0.403	0.075	-0.167	0.293	0.090	0.183
Cd	0.172	0.543	-0.128	0.402	-0.138	0.071
Cr	0.534	0.195	0.040	0.071	0.287	0.057
Cu	0.040	0.086	-0.009	0.943	0.023	0.069
Hg	-0.059	0.297	-0.019	0.057	0.012	0.738
Ni	0.694	0.147	-0.151	0.106	0.161	0.075
Pb	0.023	0.249	-0.057	0.755	-0.056	0.486
Zn	0.041	0.098	0.006	0.967	-0.001	0.021
C	-0.042	0.707	-0.376	0.094	0.242	0.314
N	0.178	0.815	0.099	0.013	-0.188	0.145
P	0.043	0.705	0.03	0.121	0.019	0.140
S	0.046	0.699	-0.149	0.062	0.008	0.284
有机质	0.123	0.814	0.028	0.063	-0.114	0.296
B	0.305	0.095	0.206	-0.032	0.124	0.024
Br	0.121	0.587	-0.119	0.004	0.192	0.055
Cl	-0.011	0.333	-0.061	0.006	0.147	0.124
Co	0.825	0.150	-0.135	0.265	0.029	-0.019
Ge	0.253	0.193	0.052	0.076	-0.286	-0.168
Mn	0.625	0.027	-0.045	0.027	-0.087	-0.024
Mo	0.248	0.343	-0.246	0.180	-0.132	0.160
V	0.906	0.057	0.022	-0.007	-0.015	-0.030
F	0.482	0.235	-0.442	-0.011	-0.213	-0.221
I	0.056	0.350	-0.022	-0.013	0.189	-0.184
Se	-0.044	0.225	0.055	0.015	-0.446	0.056
Al₂O₃	0.639	-0.017	0.001	-0.042	-0.483	0.021
CaO	-0.213	0.101	-0.644	0.043	0.595	0.135
Fe₂O₃	0.858	0.169	-0.165	0.017	-0.117	-0.087
K₂O	0.176	-0.307	0.177	-0.021	-0.610	0.140
MgO	0.131	0.171	-0.735	0.045	0.265	-0.225
Na₂O	-0.205	-0.238	0.174	-0.075	-0.346	-0.070
SiO₂	-0.258	-0.254	0.762	-0.033	-0.209	-0.199
Ce	0.838	0.129	0.044	0.005	-0.105	-0.049
La	0.830	0.155	0.031	0.004	-0.034	0.003
Sc	0.842	-0.015	-0.186	0.025	0.105	-0.014
Th	0.582	-0.090	-0.089	0.001	0.252	0.132
U	0.576	0.335	-0.020	0.064	0.037	0.136
Y	0.285	0.056	0.124	-0.008	0.025	-0.089
pH	-0.050	0.062	-0.354	-0.001	0.708	0.043
Ag	-0.024	0.355	-0.110	0.328	-0.114	0.463
Au	-0.002	0.270	-0.045	0.161	-0.011	0.713
Ba	0.110	0.101	-0.150	0.020	-0.663	-0.169
Be	0.600	-0.155	-0.008	-0.020	-0.502	0.089
Bi	0.043	0.520	-0.060	0.317	-0.204	0.032
Ga	0.750	-0.061	-0.100	0.010	-0.542	0.041
Li	0.447	0.168	-0.271	-0.008	-0.162	-0.136
Nb	0.709	-0.173	0.100	0.016	-0.265	-0.005
Rb	0.469	-0.322	-0.135	0.030	-0.337	0.187
Sb	0.056	0.078	-0.042	0.923	0.084	0.121
Sn	0.009	0.172	-0.055	0.087	0.029	0.668
Sr	0.005	0.004	-0.279	0.009	-0.074	0.064
Ti	0.828	0.110	0.279	-0.024	-0.023	-0.156
Tl	0.201	-0.027	-0.169	0.031	-0.095	0.007
W	0.045	0.107	0.003	0.014	0.008	-0.063
Zr	0.096	0.041	0.813	-0.047	0.023	-0.193
特征值	13.0	7.28	4.26	2.91	1.97	1.81
方差/%	24.1	13.5	7.89	5.38	3.64	3.34
累积方差/%	24.1	37.6	45.5	50.9	54.6	57.9

Factor analysis of soil elements

Diagrams of factor scores in Beijing Plain

Correlation between soil element content and depth

Model summary and parameter estimation statistics

Function model fitting of elements in soil

Comparison of element contents in different soil types

Comparison of element contents in different soil textures

Comparison of element contents in different land use patterns

Comparison of soil element contents in different planning areas

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