湘江流域土壤重金属元素地球化学背景值与基准值研究

doi:10.11720/wtyht.2025.1182

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Abstract

This study aims to investigate the geochemical background and baseline values of heavy metals in soils in the Xiangjiang River basin. Focusing on nine indicators, i.e., As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Ni, and pH, in both surface and subsurface soils and using methods such as iterative calculations, boxplot-based outlier removal, and content-area fractal analysis, this study investigated the background values in the soil environment within the basin' areas where multi-target geochemical survey had been conducted. Accordingly, the study discussed the factors influencing the geochemical background and baseline values of various stratigraphic units and soil types. The results indicate minimal differences in the results derived using these calculation methods. All methods consistently indicate that the background values of eight heavy metals exceed national averages, with those of Hg and Cd approaching twice the national background levels. This suggests that the Xiangjiang River basin has high geochemical background values of Hg and Cd. The background values of heavy metals in soils within the basin are closely related to parent rock types, with element enrichment levels and the number of elements enriched in soils generally increasing with a decrease in the age of strata, specifically for Cd. Across different soil types within the Xiangjiang River Basin, the geochemical background values of heavy metals are generally higher than their baseline values.The research results of this study provide an important basis for the ecological environment assessment and land planning of the Xiangjiang River Basin.

Key words： heavy metal geochemical background value Xiangjiang River Basin geochemical baseline value iterative method

Received: 22 April 2024 Published: 22 July 2025

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	Jiang LU
	Li-Fen ZHU
	Jian-Lan LUO
	Xian-Li LIU

Cite this article:

Jiang LU,Li-Fen ZHU,Jian-Lan LUO, et al. Geochemical background and baseline values of heavy metals in soils in the Xiangjiang River Basin[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2025, 49(3): 687-696.

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https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/10.11720/wtyht.2025.1182 OR https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I3/687

Schematic diagram of the location of the study area

指标	N	原始数据					剔除离群样品后			中国土壤第二环境背景值	K
指标	N	$X ˉ 1$	C_V1	X_min	X_max	Me₁	$X ˉ 2$	C_V2	Me₂	中国土壤第二环境背景值	K
As	18126	22.49	2.74	1.12	2665.40	14.40	14.81	0.50	13.34	9.1	1.63
Cd	18126	0.59	2.25	0.03	57.73	0.39	0.40	0.47	0.36	0.15	2.67
Cr	18126	81.85	0.43	2.20	949.10	79.00	78.84	0.32	78.20	63	1.25
Cu	18126	32.34	0.63	1.70	652.30	29.50	30.24	0.33	29.10	23	1.31
Hg	18126	0.18	1.22	0.01	8.68	0.14	0.14	0.40	0.13	0.05	2.80
Ni	18126	31.12	0.55	1.20	601.00	28.70	28.59	0.35	28.20	26	1.10
Pb	18126	55.67	1.83	2.5	4678.00	41.00	42.32	0.28	39.50	25	1.69
Zn	18126	108.36	0.88	19.00	4026.00	93.00	93.77	0.26	91.00	67	1.40
pH	18126			3.20	8.78	5.72			5.72

Statistical of geochemical characteristics of heavy metal elements in surface soil

元素	N	原始数据					剔除离群后			中国土壤第一环境背景值	K
元素	N	$X ˉ 1$	C_V1	X_min	X_max	Me₁	$X ˉ 2$	C_V2	Me₂	中国土壤第一环境背景值	K
As	4522	20.48	1.58	0.63	702.47	14.04	14.78	0.51	13.24	9.5	1.55
Cd	4522	0.29	1.48	0.03	10.26	0.16	0.16	0.50	0.14	0.096	1.67
Cr	4522	82.26	0.62	6.00	1389.70	79.00	78.84	0.30	78.20	65	1.21
Cu	4522	28.36	0.62	1.10	448.80	26.00	26.76	0.32	25.80	22	1.22
Hg	4522	0.14	1.36	0.02	4.96	0.10	0.10	0.49	0.09	0.028	3.57
Ni	4522	33.00	0.50	3.10	229.40	30.20	30.45	0.35	29.70	28	1.09
Pb	4522	40.94	1.43	11.00	1654.00	31.75	33.13	0.28	31.00	23	1.44
Zn		94.34	0.53	18.00	897.3	84.00	85.08	0.27	82.00	64	1.33
pH				3.01	8.57	6.72			6.72

Statistics of geochemical characteristics of heavy metal elements in deep soil

Iterative results of heavy metal elements in deep soil

Box diagram of heavy metal elements in deep soil

The results of box plot method of heavy metal elements in deep soil

Content-area double logarithmic distribution pattern of element content in deep soil

The results of heavy metal elements in deep soil by C-A method

Comparison of background values determined by different calculation methods

		第四系	古近系	白垩系	侏罗系	三叠系	二叠系	石炭系	泥盆系	志留系	奥陶系	寒武系	震旦系
样本数	背景值/10^-6	597	140	2317	781	813	1848	1735	5639	614	837	763	460
样本数	基准值/10^-6	148	34	571	197	205	456	399	1385	153	207	187	115
As	背景值/10^-6	15.15	16.09	10.50	10.27	10.64	13.60	17.79	14.60	10.50	9.38	14.90	13.90
	基准值/10^-6	14.25	13.43	9.76	10.77	8.80	12.83	17.40	15.04	10.44	10.97	15.03	15.76
	比值	1.06	1.20	1.08	0.95	1.21	1.06	1.02	0.97	1.01	0.86	0.99	0.88
Cd	背景值/10^-6	0.40	0.41	0.39	0.28	0.34	0.42	0.48	0.38	0.25	0.24	0.24	0.22
	基准值/10^-6	0.09	0.10	0.13	0.11	0.13	0.13	0.21	0.16	0.12	0.12	0.13	0.11
	比值	4.44	4.10	3.00	2.55	2.54	3.23	2.29	2.41	2.08	2.00	1.85	1.94
Cr	背景值/10^-6	89.00	79.60	72.60	40.00	56.50	91.00	97.70	79.70	53.00	69.60	78.00	82.70
	基准值/10^-6	83.00	74.90	70.20	44.60	53.15	87.00	89.00	81.00	57.00	73.70	79.00	89.00
	比值	1.07	1.06	1.03	0.90	1.06	1.05	1.10	0.98	0.93	0.94	0.99	0.93
Cu	背景值/10^-6	28.50	31.55	28.93	20.20	26.80	35.80	31.60	28.70	24.00	27.20	30.30	32.00
	基准值/10^-6	23.70	23.60	23.80	17.00	21.00	28.00	26.30	27.00	22.40	27.00	28.80	31.80
	比值	1.20	1.34	1.22	1.19	1.28	1.28	1.20	1.06	1.07	1.01	1.05	1.01
Hg	背景值/10^-6	0.13	0.12	0.10	0.11	0.11	0.14	0.17	0.15	0.10	0.11	0.13	0.14
	基准值/10^-6	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.13	0.12	0.08	0.09	0.12	0.11
	比值	2.10	1.86	1.67	1.38	1.49	1.71	1.34	1.30	1.26	1.23	1.16	1.19
Ni	背景值/10^-6	28.10	26.10	25.10	14.00	20.30	31.20	33.98	28.50	22.16	28.94	30.53	32.20
	基准值/10^-6	27.60	25.80	24.80	16.30	20.10	32.10	34.80	31.60	23.63	31.39	31.70	34.05
	比值	1.02	1.01	1.01	0.86	1.01	0.97	0.98	0.90	0.94	0.92	0.96	0.95
Pb	背景值/10^-6	38.20	38.50	36.00	56.70	49.25	40.10	40.50	39.50	49.00	36.40	39.00	34.00
	基准值/10^-6	28.70	27.50	26.30	44.40	39.20	28.40	32.00	32.00	39.40	31.55	32.80	30.00
	比值	1.33	1.40	1.37	1.28	1.26	1.41	1.27	1.23	1.24	1.15	1.19	1.13
Zn	背景值/10^-6	88.00	89.00	82.00	88.00	95.00	94.00	104.0	93.00	86.00	88.00	88.00	83.00
	基准值/10^-6	74.00	64.00	67.00	78.00	82.00	81.00	92.00	87.00	79.00	87.00	88.00	84.00
	比值	1.19	1.39	1.22	1.13	1.16	1.16	1.13	1.07	1.09	1.01	1.00	0.99
pH	背景值	5.78	6.25	6.19	5.26	5.41	5.47	7.19	6.39	5.13	4.98	5.01	5.00
	基准值	6.51	6.94	7.01	5.95	6.36	6.63	7.51	7.02	5.50	5.43	5.34	5.37
	比值	0.89	0.90	0.88	0.88	0.85	0.83	0.96	0.91	0.93	0.92	0.94	0.93

Soil reference value and background value of stratigraphic unitsub-area in Xiangjiang River Basin

土壤类型		潮土	粗骨土	红壤	红黏土	黄壤	黄棕壤	山地草甸土	石灰土	水稻土	紫色土
样本数	背景值/10^-6	16	90	9311	10	1169	575	56	509	5191	995
样本数	基准值/10^-6	4	22	2328	3	292	143	14	127	1297	248
As	背景值/10^-6	26.80	9.08	13.50	17.09	12.51	13.98	13.13	15.70	13.79	9.52
	基准值/10^-6	26.64	8.66	13.36	13.43	13.70	15.64	14.49	16.34	13.30	8.63
	比值	1.01	1.05	1.01	1.27	0.91	0.89	0.91	0.96	1.04	1.10
Cd	背景值/10^-6	0.76	0.38	0.36	0.55	0.22	0.19	0.18	0.44	0.40	0.40
	基准值/10^-6	0.08	0.10	0.14	0.08	0.12	0.11	0.11	0.20	0.14	0.15
	比值	9.50	3.78	2.54	7.08	1.87	1.67	1.60	2.22	2.88	2.67
Cr	背景值/10^-6	81.00	62.55	79.00	91.00	66.90	68.20	39.60	88.30	82.30	68.80
	基准值/10^-6	83.00	49.85	79.00	82.70	72.00	72.30	54.10	88.10	79.50	67.40
	比值	0.98	1.25	1.00	1.10	0.93	0.94	0.73	1.00	1.04	1.02
Cu	背景值/10^-6	33.10	27.75	29.00	30.55	26.00	26.80	23.00	32.15	29.90	28.40
	基准值/10^-6	31.50	19.90	26.00	21.70	25.00	25.50	24.00	30.00	25.30	24.30
	比值	1.05	1.39	1.12	1.41	1.04	1.05	0.96	1.07	1.18	1.17
Hg	背景值/10^-6	0.16	0.11	0.13	0.14	0.12	0.14	0.13	0.16	0.14	0.09
	基准值/10^-6	0.14	0.05	0.10	0.08	0.11	0.12	0.13	0.14	0.08	0.06
	比值	1.16	2.24	1.40	1.74	1.13	1.14	0.99	1.18	1.69	1.47
Ni	背景值/10^-6	26.90	20.70	28.30	24.50	26.00	25.50	20.05	33.00	28.57	25.31
	基准值/10^-6	27.60	18.40	30.30	23.70	27.80	28.05	19.60	37.20	29.50	25.20
	比值	0.97	1.13	0.93	1.03	0.94	0.91	1.02	0.89	0.97	1.00
Pb	背景值/10^-6	56.80	50.95	39.50	37.85	40.50	42.40	49.00	41.60	39.80	36.00
	基准值/10^-6	34.40	40.40	31.00	23.90	36.00	36.00	35.00	34.80	30.10	26.50
	比值	1.65	1.26	1.27	1.58	1.13	1.18	1.40	1.20	1.32	1.36
Zn	背景值/10^-6	128.00	90.00	92.00	87.00	87.00	84.00	84.50	104.00	93.00	81.00
	基准值/10^-6	84.00	76.45	84.00	63.50	87.70	84.10	81.50	97.35	80.50	66.90
	比值	1.52	1.18	1.10	1.37	0.99	1.00	1.04	1.07	1.16	1.21
pH	背景值	6.94	5.38	5.59	6.53	5.05	4.97	5.15	7.18	6.21	6.74
	基准值	6.67	6.76	6.65	5.96	5.40	5.17	5.59	7.49	6.98	7.09
	比值	1.04	0.80	0.84	1.09	0.94	0.96	0.92	0.96	0.89	0.95

Soil reference value and background value of soil type sub-region in Xiangjiang River Basin

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