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| Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of groundwater in a typical chemical industry park in northwestern Shandong, China |
FAN Hai-Yin1,2( ), SONG Rui-Rui1,2, YU Lin-Song1,2, TENG Yong-Bo1,2(), WAN Fang1,2, ZHANG Xiu-Wen1,2, LI Sheng-Yu1,2, ZHAO Chuang1,2 |
1. Shandong Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Jinan 250013, China
2. Shandong Engineering Research Center for High Precision Detection of Underground Resources and Environment, Jinan 250013, China |
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Abstract This study aims to ascertain the heavy metal pollution of groundwater in a typical chemical industry park in northwestern Shandong. According to the investigation and evaluation requirements for groundwater environments in chemical industry parks, this study collected 10 groundwater samples to analyze the concentrations and spatial distributions of eight heavy metals, namely Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Cd and Pb. Furthermore, it conducted the health risk assessment of groundwater for different populations. The results indicate that: (1) except Mn and Al, all heavy metals in the groundwater of the chemical industry park showed concentrations lower than the class III water quality standard stated in the Standard for Groundwater Quality (GB/T 14848—2017), with a comprehensive pollution index ranging from 0.37 to 0.78. The monitoring points for heavy metal elements are all pollution-free; (2) the overall spatial distributions of heavy metals are roughly consistent with the distribution areas of key enterprises in the chemical industry park. This consistency indicates that external factors such as the production activities of enterprises affect the spatial distributions of heavy metals in groundwater; (3) the health risks are lower for children than for adults and lower via skin contact than via drinking. The non-carcinogenic risks under different exposure routes are acceptable for different populations. Carcinogens As and Cd have slight carcinogenic risks for adults. Local authorities should strengthen the supervision of the production activities of enterprises and thoroughly inspect enterprises with suspected pollution. Only in this way can we effectively control and then gradually reduce the risks to human health caused by groundwater pollution.
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Received: 18 July 2022
Published: 27 October 2023
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Corresponding Authors:
TENG Yong-Bo
E-mail: 741370828@qq.com;yongboteng@sina.com
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Regional hydrogeological map of the study area
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Layout plan of the study area and distribution of sampling sites
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| 参数定义范围 | 含义 | | Pi≤1.0 | P综≤0.7 | 无污染 | | 1.0<Pi≤2.0 | 0.7<P综≤1.0 | 轻微污染 | | 2.0<Pi≤3.0 | 1.0<P综≤2.0 | 轻度污染 | | 3.0<Pi≤5.0 | 2.0<P综≤3.0 | 中度污染 | | Pi>5.0 | P综>3.0 | 重度污染 |
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Parameter value meaning
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Conceptual model of pollutant risk exposure in the study area
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| 参数符号及单位 | 参数含义 | 成人参考值 | 儿童参考值 | 参数来源 | | C/(mg·L-1) | 污染物浓度 | Ci | Ci | 本次研究 | | ED/a | 持续暴露时间 | 30 | 9 | [32-3] | | ET/(d·a-1) | 暴露时间 | 360 | 360 | [32-3] | | EF/(d·a-1) | 暴露频率 | 350 | 350 | [32-3] | | SA/cm2 | 接触的皮肤表面积 | 16000 | 9300 | [32-3] | | PC/(cm·h-1) | 皮肤渗透系数 | 0.0001(Fe)、0.0006(Cu)、0.0006(Zn)、
0.0018(As)、0.001(Cd)、0.000004(Pb) | [34] | | CF/(L·cm-1) | 体积转换因子 | 0.001 | 0.001 | [34] | | IR/(L·d-1) | 每日平均饮用量 | 1.70 | 1.14 | [32-3] | | BW/kg | 平均体重 | 57.00 | 23.80 | [32-3] | | AT/d | 平均暴露时间 | 25500 | 25500 | [32-3] |
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Health risk assessment model parameter
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重金属 | 致癌强度系数q/(mg·(kg·d)-1) | 日均参考剂量RfD/(mg·(kg·d)-1) |
参数来源 | | 饮用途径 | 皮肤接触途径 | 饮用途径 | 皮肤接触途径 | | | Cd | 6.1 | 0.38 | 0.0005 | 0.0005 | [35-36] | | As | 1.5 | 3.66 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | [35-36] | | Fe | | | 0.3 | 0.0045 | [35-36] | | Cu | | | 0.04 | 0.012 | [35-36] | | Zn | | | 0.3 | 0.01 | [35-36] | | Pb | | | 0.0014 | 0.0014* | [35-36] |
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Carcinogenic intensity coefficient (q) and daily average reference dose (RfD)
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| 元素 | 最小值
/(mg·L-1) | 最大值
/(mg·L-1) | 平均值
/(mg·L-1) | 背景值
/(mg·L-1) | 标准差
/(mg·L-1) | 变异系
数/% | 偏度 | 峰度 | 超标率
/% | 国家Ⅲ类
标准 | | Fe | 0.003 | 0.294 | 0.133 | 0.049 | 0.107 | 70.9 | -0.499 | -1.362 | 0.00 | 0.3 | | Cu | 0.005 | 0.756 | 0.277 | 0.003 | 0.268 | 96.8 | 0.639 | -0.702 | 0.00 | 1.00 | | Zn | 0.003 | 0.762 | 0.196 | 0.019 | 0.255 | 130.1 | 1.74 | 1.946 | 0.00 | 1.00 | | As | 0.0005 | 0.0094 | 0.0038 | 0.00057 | 0.0028 | 73.7 | 1.36 | 0.961 | 0.00 | 0.01 | | Cd | 0.00005 | 0.00245 | 0.0010 | 0.00004 | 0.00082 | 82.0 | 0.409 | -1.105 | 0.00 | 0.005 | | Pb | 0.0005 | 0.0098 | 0.0054 | 0.0009 | 0.0033 | 61.1 | -0.399 | -1.275 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
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Analysis of heavy metal concentration in groundwater
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Evaluation of heavy metals in groundwater by single factor pollution index and comprehensive pollution index
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Spatial distribution characteristics of groundwater heavy metal concentration in the study area
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Box chart of health risk value of heavy metals in groundwater to children and adults under two ways
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