Based on the course of the development of nuclear geophysical techniques and instruments in China since 1950's, this paper has described the application of such techniques as airborne survey, ground survey, logging, radon survey, thermoluminescence and artificial radioactivity to the prospecting for radioactive mineral resources and oil gas accumulations and the evaluation of radiation in environment, and summed up the achievements made in various periods as well as in recent years. Some opinions are also given for the further researches in such aspects as the migration mechanism of radon, the application of soil thermoluminescence and the background of natural gamma radiation.

The equipment, techniques and methods for airborne radiometric survey in uranium exploration and environmental estimation of China are dealt with in this paper. The measurement results of airborne gamma ray spectrometer and ionizing chamber in Shijiazhuang City and in surrounding areas of Qingshang Nuclear Power Plant are also described.

Like other geophysical inversions, gravity and magnetic inversions can produce severe ambiguous solutions. Therefore, special constraints must be introduced in the process of inversion so as to obtain a unique and stable interpretation. In3Dcase, the situation is worse in that the solution is more ambiguous and the combination of constraints is more difficult. The application of nonlinear inversion makes the interpretation more stable and the introduction of constraints easier than previous linear methods. In addition, the difficulties caused by nonlinear methods, such as the high dimensional searching and the low computation speed, can be tackled and well solved by special pertinent skills. After improvement the application of 3Dinversion will surely be more practical than before.

This paper deals briefly with the mechanism of natural thermoluminescence of minerals. The heating procedure and the parameters of thermoluminescence curves are presented in detail. Based on the data of 370 samples and 26 typical thermoluminescence curves of Quaternary sediments in Erliang Basin, the paper discusses the characteristics of natural thermoluminescence curves.The measurement results of U,Th,K,²¹⁰Po and ⁴He along two profiles across oil reservoirs and uranium bodies are also reported in this paper.

In this paper, the mechanism of Thermoluminescence (TL) has been described. Sampling was carried out in the South China Sea and the East China Sea. Some indicator minerals, such as CaCO₃, CaSO₄ and BaSO₄, were produced during the formation, migration and decomposition of gas hydrates, which are crystalsof TL. Metal elements play an important role in TLoperation. The results indicate a positive correlation between TLand hydrates. It is noteworthy that TLmay be a very useful index for gas hydrate exploration in the future.

The study of petrophysical parameter extraction is of great significance in integrated logging data interpretation. The veracity of petrophysical parameters is related directly to the reliability and exactness of integrated logging data interpretation. Making use of the method of analysis and induction, this paper extracted petrophysical parameters of 18 different kinds of lithologic characters found in Pre-pilot Hole Ⅱ of China Continental Scientific Drilling. These parameters serve as the basis for subsequent logging data interpretation.

Based on the principle of quantum mechanics, this paper made an analysis of the state of the earth core matter and calculated the following parameters: the average value of the communal electrons in ultra solid matter of earth core, the concentrations of communal free electrons in earth core matter, the average movement velocity of free electrons in modern earth core, the critical value of self gravitation pressure that produces quantum effect of earth core matter at the early stage, the self gravitation pressure that leads to the beginning of the overall expansion of the earth, the energy required for the generation of ultra solid state, and the energy for satisfying the generation of ultra-solid quantum mechanic effect in the earth core. It is demonstrated that the inner earth core matter is a special kind of matter state ultra-solid state formed in a superhigh pressure environment. When the quantum rejection pressure produced by the earth core ultra solid state exceeds the critical value of the earth's self-gravitation contraction pressure, the overall expansion of the earth takes place, and hence the corresponding tectonic dynamics is called quantum earth tectonic dynamics.

This paper describes the field gamma ray full spectrometer, and discusses its practical application in geological survey, i.e. in the prospecting for gold deposits. The actual instance given in this paper includes a low gamma ray spectrum, a composite section of gamma ray spectrometry, and a plan of gamma ray spectrometry. Different rocks can be distinguished by measuring gamma ray low energy spectra.

This paper describes s a new X-ray fluorescence technique for in situ determining concentrations of various elements in seabed sediments and, based on scattered radiation, advances a method for correcting the influence of water content of natural seabed sediments upon the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis. Tests show that this technique can perform the underwater analytical tasks at a depth of less than1000 meters and simultaneously determine more than10 elements at the detection limit of (10～200)×10^-6 without liquid nitrogen supply. The in situ X-ray fluorescence technique proves to be a rapid, economical and effective analytical method.

This paper describes the characteristics of soil thermoluminescence curves and anomalies of leachable sandstone uranium deposits in different landscapes. The application of soil thermoluminescence survey to the sandstone uranium deposit indicates that there exist obvious anomalies at both ends of the orebody and a weak anomaly over the orebody.

This paper describes the facts that field γ spectrometry method has been used to divide eight lithosomes, recover the protolith of silicated rocks and find concealed antimony and gold deposits. The field γ spectrometry method can be an economical, quick and effective technique for narrowing the target of antimony and gold mineralized area.

This paper deals mainly with the extraction of geological and hydrogeological information from deep strata through the comparative analysis of major elements, minor elements and trace elements in rocks and in relics of dried fountains by means of Neutron Activation Analysis(NAA).

This paper has reviewed the advances in the study of mercury pollution in atmospheric environment, including the sources, the chemical evolution of mercury in the ambient air and its environmental effects. The preliminary results obtained in the research on the particulate mercury in Chengdu by using the environment geophysical methods are presented, and some rational advices on the research of the mercury pollution are advanced.

This paper reports the results of radon investigation in Zhiyuan, Guangxi. The indoor and outdoor radon concentrations are 101.0 and 104.6 Bq/m³,respectively, 10 and 2.5 times the average corresponding values of the world. Annual effective doses caused by the daughters of radon are 6.2 and 9.2 mSv/a for adults and children, respectively, about 5 times their average values in the world.

This paper presents a new method Discrete Smooth Interpolation method (DSI) and its fast realization in geophysical potential data gridding. First the topological relations between the unknown points and known points are built as a linear constrain, then the DSIequation group is formulated by combining Laplace equation with the linear constrain equation. The preconditioning conjugate direction descend method is used to seek the solution and speed up the solving. To improve the efficiency of the computation, the theory of the helical coordinate system is used to convert the two dimensional data to one dimensional data and deal with them in one dimensional space. In addition, the method of Wilson Burg spectral factorization is employed to solve the linear algebraic equation derived from DSI. Through the application of theoretical model and the real raw data, it is shown that the method in this paper is suitable for the features of geophysical potential field, the effects of interpolation is satisfactory and the convergence rate is very high.

In rugged near surface area, undulating ground and lateral variation in surface structure can distort the propagation path of reflection, cause the distortion of time distance curve and hence lead to poor image. With the purpose of solving these problems, the authors, based on theoretical study and practical data processing, have developed a new series of static correction methods, which include first arrival statics, enlarging bin statics and correlation automatic residual statics. Case studies show the good effect of the methods.

This paper deals with X-ray fluorescence technique for rapid determination of Si,S,Kand TFe content of iron ore concentrates.The analytical precision and accuracy of this technique are consistent with the chemical analytical error standard and can meet the practical production requirements.

The structure of the data collecting system and the interface circuit were designed in terms of characteristics and conditions of Palmsize Computer, and software for Windows CEwas developed by using OOP language (C++) and multi thread technology.

The most advanced airborne multi channel gamma spectrometers in the world-GR820, which has excellent auto stabilization, digital and windows designing, and real time spectrum display. It provides more exact measures of gamma spectra. This paper describes in brief the operating principle, the performance and the application of GR820, with the purpose of helping readers to understand the development of airborne multi channel gamma spectrometers in present days.

This paper reports a highly sensitive X-ray fluorescence analyzer for geological survey, which is composed of a Si pin X-ray detector with thermo electrical cooler, isotope sources and a 4096 channel MCAbased on PC/104 computer. Its analytical detection limits are about 10×10^-6 for Cu, Zn, As and other mineral elements. This analyzer can be used to conduct insitu determination of multi element concentrations in natural rock, soil and other mineral products.

In situ X-ray fluorescence analysis may be subjected to some interference factors, such as matrix effect, humidity and unevenness effect. This paper employs the Intensity Influent Coefficient Method and the Characteristic to Scattering Ratio Coefficient Method for the correction of matrix effect, the Scattering Correction Method for the humidity effect, and Characteristic to Scattering Ratio as the basic parameter for unevenness. All these means have been integrated in a portable multi element XRFanalyzer. The analyzer and the techniques were successfully applied to determining concentrations of K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr, Pb, in rock outcrops and soil of four copper prospecting areas and have been proved to be of high efficiency and low cost.