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| Geochemical characteristics and salinization mechanisms of shallow surface substrate in the Taonan area, western Songnen Plain |
Siqinbilige ( ), KONG Fan-Peng(), LIU Hong-Bo, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Ye, DONG Kai |
| Mudanjiang Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Changchun 130102, China |
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Abstract This study investigated the shallow surface substrate in the Taonan area, western Songnen Plain. Accordingly, it revealed the elemental differentiation between surface (0~20 cm) and deeper (150~200 cm) soils in the shallow surface substrate layer, as well as the genetic mechanisms of salinization in this layer. The results show that compared to deeper soils, surface soils in the Taonan area are strongly enriched in organic carbon (Corg) and N and slightly enriched in Br, P, S, Se, and total carbon (TC). In contrast, no significant differences are identified in heavy metals, rare earth elements (REEs), and other trace elements. These findings suggest the primary causes of the enrichment of various element indicators in surface soils include agricultural activities, biogeochemical cycles, and water-salt migration. The factor analysis indicates that for surface soils, factor F1 is dominated by the heavy metal-REE combination (variance contribution rate: 26.66%), with its spatial distribution associated with fluvial deposition and agricultural activities. Furthermore, factor F2 for these soils is the salt-related element combination (including CaO and MgO; variance contribution rate: 11.24%), indicating the risk of salinization in low-lying zones. In contrast, for deeper soils, factor F1 is the combination of elements such as Al2O3, B, La, and Sc (variance contribution rate: 27.34%), reflecting the compositional characteristics of bedrocks or soil parent materials. Factor F2 for these soils is the combination of elements related to geological settings and salinity (variance contribution rate: 13.09%), indicating geological settings and salinization. The weathering and leaching coefficient, represented by the Ba value, shows significant spatial differentiation. Compared to deeper soils, surface soils manifest a larger range of high Ba values, primarily distributed in the zone south of Jubao Township and west of Datong Township, as well as the southern part of Erlong Township. This distribution, coinciding with the high-value zones of salt-related factor F2, is principally affected by topography and deep parent material types. In the low-lying plain area and the front of alluvial fans, the low-lying terrains, poor drainage, and intense evaporation lead to salt accumulation, causing a high risk of salinization. In the hilly area, the high values of factor F2 are associated with the bedrock lithology, with salts originating from weathered bedrocks. The results of this study will provide a geochemical basis for land resource optimization and ecological restoration in the Taonan area.
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Received: 02 March 2025
Published: 30 December 2025
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Corresponding Authors:
KONG Fan-Peng
E-mail: 422865187@qq.com;315706831@qq.com
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Schematic diagram of the geographical location and sampling point distribution in the study area
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Schematic diagram of the geographical location and sampling point distribution in the study area
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元素含量比值(表层
土壤/深层土壤) | 特征 | 元素 | | ≤0.5 | 明显贫化 | | | 0.5~0.9 | 弱贫化 | | | 0.9~1.1 | 无变化 | Ag、Al2O3、Ba、Be、Ce、Cu、Ga、
Ge、K2O、La、Li、MgO、Mn、Nb、
Ni、Pb、Rb、Sb、Sc、SiO2、Sr、Th、
Tl、U、V、Y、Zn | | 1.1~1.5 | 弱富集 | As、Au、B、Bi、Cd、Co、Cr、F、I、
Mo、Na2O、Sn、TFe2O3、Ti、
W、Zr | | 1.5~2.0 | 中富集 | CaO、Hg、P | | ≥2.0 | 强富集 | Br、Cl、Corg、N、S、Se、TC |
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Element content ratio characteristics between surface and deep soils
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| 地貌类型 | 贫化(<0.9) | 无变化(0.9~1.1) | 弱富集(1.1~1.5) | 中富集(1.5~2.0) | 强富集(>2.0) | | 丘陵区 | | Ag、Al2O3、Ba、Be、Ce、Cu、Ga、Ge、K2O、Li、
Mn、Na2O、Pb、pH、Rb、Sc、SiO2、Sn、Tl、W、Zn | Au、Bi、Co、Cr、La、MgO、
Mo、Nb | As、CaO、Cd、Hg、
I、Zr | B、Br、Cl、Corg、
N、P、S、Se、TC | | 扇形平原区 | | Al2O3、As、B、Ba、Be、Ce、Co、Cu、Ga、Ge、I、
K2O、La、Li、Mn、Mo、Na2O、Nb、Ni、Pb、pH、
Rb、Sb、Sc、SiO2、Sn、Sr、Th、Tl、V、Y、Zn | Ag、Cd、Cr、F、MgO、TFe2O3、
Ti、Zr | Au、Bi、Br、CaO、
Hg、P | Cl、Corg、N、S、
Se、TC | | 阶地漫滩区 | | Al2O3、Ba、Be、Ce、Ga、Ge、K2O、La、Li、Pb、
pH、Rb、Sc、SiO2、Sr、Th、Tl、U、W、Zn | Ag、As、Au、B、Cd、Cl、Co、Cr、
F、I、MgO、Mn、Mo、Nb、Ni、
Sb、Sn、TFe2O3、Ti、V、Y、Zr | Bi、Br、CaO、Cu、
P、S | Corg、Hg、N、Se、
TC | | 低平原区 | | Al2O3、Ba、Be、Ce、Ga、Ge、I、K2O、La、Li、
Na2O、Pb、pH、Rb、Sc、SiO2、Sr、Th、Ti、Tl、U、
Y、Zn | Sb、Sn、TFe2O3、V、W、Zr | Hg、P、S | Br、Cl、Corg、N、
Se、TC | | 沙丘区 | | Ag、Al2O3、Au、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Ce、Cr、Cu、F、
Ga、Ge、I、K2O、La、Mn、Nb、Ni、Pb、pH、Rb、
Sb、Sc、SiO2、TFe2O3、Th、Ti、Tl、U、Y、Zn、Zr | Cd、Hg、Mo、Na2O、Sn | Br、Cl、P、TC、W | CaO、Corg、N、
S、Se |
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Element content ratio characteristics between surface and deep soils in different geomorphic type areas
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| 方法 | 检测结果 | | KMO度量值 | 0.845 | Bartlett的球形
度检验 | 近似卡方 | 11807.559 | | df | 1378 | | Sig. | 0 |
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KMO and Bartlett's test for surface soil data
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| 方法 | 检测结果 | | KMO度量值 | 0.799 | Bartlett的球形
度检验 | 近似卡方 | 8465.708 | | df | 1431 | | Sig. | 0 |
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KMO and Bartlett's test for deep soil data
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Scree plot of factor analysis
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| 因子 | 表层土壤因子组合 | 深层土壤因子组合 | | F1 | Ba-Be-Ce-Co-Cu-Cd-Ga-Ge-
Mn-La-Li-Nb-Ni-Pb-Rb-Sc-
Th-U-Tl-V-Y | Al2O3-B-Be-Cd-Ce-Co-Cu-
Ga-Ge-La-Li-Mn-Mo-Ni-Pb-
Sb-Sc-TFe2O3-Th-V-Y | | F2 | CaO-MgO-Sr-K2O-SiO2 | Au-CaO-K2O-MgO-Rb-Sb-
SiO2-Sr-TC-Tl | | F3 | Au-Corg-Hg-N-Se-TC | Ba-P-Ti-Zr | | F4 | Cr-P-Ti-pH-Zr | Corg-N-S | | F5 | Al2O3-TFe2O3 | Na2O-Nb | | F6 | Ag-As-B | F-I-pH | | F7 | Mo-S-Y | Se-U |
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Characteristics of factor element combinations in surface and deep soils of the study area
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Score of F1 and F2 factors in surface soil
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Score of F1 and F2 factors in deep soil
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| 富集系数 | 富集程度 | 元素 | | <0.8 | 贫化 | Ag、Cl、F、I、Sr、Zn | | 0.8~1.2 | 无变化 | Al2O3、As、Au、B、Ba、Be、Bi、CaO、Cd、Ce、
Co、Cr、Cu、Ga、Ge、Hg、K2O、La、Li、MgO、
Mn、Mo、Na2O、Nb、Ni、Pb、Rb、Sb、Sc、SiO2、
Sn、TFe2O3、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、W、Y、Zr | | 1.2~2.0 | 弱富集 | Br、P、S、Se、TC | | 2.0~3.0 | 中富集 | Corg、N | | >3.0 | 强富集 | |
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Characteristic of element enrichment coefficient
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| 类型 | 地貌类型 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | 中位数 | 标准离差 | 变异系数 | | 表层土壤 | 低平原 | 0.591 | 2.121 | 1.005 | 0.985 | 0.362 | 0.36 | | 阶地漫滩 | 0.456 | 1.757 | 0.890 | 0.762 | 0.401 | 0.45 | | 丘陵 | 0.467 | 2.171 | 1.095 | 0.938 | 0.441 | 0.40 | | 沙丘 | 0.037 | 1.171 | 0.785 | 0.729 | 0.212 | 0.27 | | 扇形平原 | 0.467 | 1.952 | 1.024 | 1.044 | 0.434 | 0.42 | | 全区 | 0.037 | 2.171 | 0.965 | 0.896 | 0.362 | 0.375 | | 深层土壤 | 低平原 | 0.178 | 1.617 | 0.946 | 0.877 | 0.285 | 0.30 | | 阶地漫滩 | 0.765 | 2.309 | 1.123 | 0.841 | 0.580 | 0.52 | | 丘陵 | 0.466 | 2.766 | 1.159 | 0.817 | 0.645 | 0.56 | | 沙丘 | 0.630 | 2.090 | 0.919 | 0.810 | 0.290 | 0.32 | | 扇形平原 | 0.546 | 3.710 | 1.227 | 0.788 | 0.972 | 0.79 | | 全区 | 0.178 | 3.710 | 0.994 | 0.810 | 0.484 | 2.05 |
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Characteristics of weathering and leaching coefficient parameters for different landforms in surface and deep soils
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Contour of weathering and leaching coefficients for surface and deep soils
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Distribution map of different salinity and alkalinity degrees in the study area
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