张掖盆地1990s表土层深部土壤重金属分布特征及其来源分析

doi:10.11720/wtyht.2024.1379

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Abstract

The Zhangye Basin in Gansu Province serves as a national modern agriculture demonstration area in China. The 1990s was the only period that witnessed both agricultural soil surveys and regional geochemical surveys in the area. This study aims to provide data support for investigating the evolution of the regional soil environment in the area. It gathered geochemical survey data of rocks, deep topsoil, and stream sediments, which were sampled by Gansu geophysical and geochemical exploration teams in the Zhangye Basin and its surrounding mountains in the 1990s. Using these data, this study calculated the background values of elements in various geological units as per the Pauta criterion and sampling media. Focusing on heavy metals, it compared their regional background values in deep topsoil with the nationalsoil background values and the coetaneous averages of farming soil elements surveyed by the agricultural sector, as well as the soil background values of Quaternary sediments with the regional background values. Moreover, it combined geochemical hybrid models with geographical factors. Finally, it explored the distribution characteristics and material sources of heavy metals in deep topsoil of the Zhangye Basin in the 1990s. Compared to the national soil background values, the deep topsoil was enriched in Cu and Cd but depleted in Zn. Contrasting with contemporaneous farming soil, the deep topsoil was significantly enriched in Cr but prominently depleted in Cu, Zn, Pb, and As. In terms of sources, heavy metals Zn, Cd, and As were principally derived from the northern Qilian Mountains, Pb originated from the Longshou Mountains, and Hg and Cr might be primarily associated with human activities. The abnormal H3 potential ecological risk index of the deep topsoil resulted from the combined effect of northwest and southeast winds. The enrichment of heavy metals in deep topsoil was positively correlated with human activity intensity but negatively correlated with neotectonic movement intensity.

Key words： soil deep topsoil heavy mental material source Zhangye Basin Gansu Province

Received: 01 September 2023 Published: 21 October 2024

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	Gan-Di HE
	Jin-Zhong HE
	Hong-Bing NIU
	Zhong-Ping ZHANG

Cite this article:

Gan-Di HE,Jin-Zhong HE,Hong-Bing NIU, et al. Distribution and origin of heavy metals in deep topsoil of the Zhangye Basin in the 1990s[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2024, 48(5): 1388-1399.

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https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/10.11720/wtyht.2024.1379 OR https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/Y2024/V48/I5/1388

The geological background of Zhanye Basin (a),and its location of deep topsoil samples (b) and heavy metal anomalies(c) in 1990s

介质	地质单元	代码	样数	Cu	Zn	Mo	Cr	Hg	Cd	Pb	As	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	Na₂O	CaO	MgO	Fe₂O₃	Mn	K₂O
岩石 (R)	大青山花岗岩	DGR	10	51.46	63.57	0.11	18.94	35.52	73.09	11.65	1.96	15.72	61.67	3.09	5.67	3.09	4.95	945.00	1.63
	龙首山	LSS	8	18.72	69.92	0.48	17.87	19.62	65.52	18.91	2.14	14.84	63.65	3.20	4.54	2.39	4.84	887.28	2.05
	北祁连	NQL	56	43.46	59.44	0.33	63.17	31.80	95.09	19.42	8.79	9.44	57.48	1.02	3.64	2.59	4.97	859.58	1.40
	北祁连蛇绿岩	NQO	11	21.95	50.09	0.36	55.54	34.68	76.40	25.15	8.79	10.59	65.24	1.19	2.53	2.16	4.06	585.05	1.83
土壤 (So)	第四系	Q	1710	23.04	50.99	0.62	85.03	30.04	103.65	19.36	5.11	10.46	66.35	1.47	4.33	2.44	4.10	590.23	1.97
	全国背景值^[39]		860	20.00	67.70	1.20	53.90	40.00	74.00	23.60	9.20	12.11		3.61	0.99	1.04	3.90	482.00	2.16
	1990耕作层^[6]			35.03	89.99	15.47	50.13			105.10	326.50	4.31		0.14	5.61	1.98	3.33	611.80	0.94
水系沉积物(St)	大青山花岗岩	DGRS	5	24.77	73.14	0.42	34.26	9.15	101.91	41.86	3.27	11.69	67.24	2.45	3.60	1.75	4.08	648.90	3.38
	龙首山	LSSS	560	12.36	33.93	0.58	35.98	16.60	73.81	22.83	1.38	9.53	69.44	1.54	3.37	1.54	2.56	470.46	2.40
	北祁连	NQLS	1482	27.55	62.91	0.64	83.49	28.71	107.22	20.82	11.05	12.41	63.90	1.44	3.03	2.18	4.86	646.96	2.32
	北祁连蛇绿岩	NQOS	153	36.46	69.73	0.78	153.84	31.93	136.77	19.74	15.83	11.80	62.90	1.22	3.47	3.44	5.59	765.5	1.91
R/St 相对偏差 RE/%	大青山花岗岩			-70.03	14.01	115.31	57.60	-118.10	32.94	112.93	50.08	-29.38	8.65	-23.02	-44.72	-55.16	-19.26	-37.15	70.02
	龙首山			-40.91	-69.31	19.73	67.25	-16.65	11.90	18.78	-43.16	-43.58	8.69	-69.90	-29.61	-43.50	-61.73	-61.40	15.33
	北祁连			-44.80	5.67	63.50	27.72	-10.20	12.00	6.97	22.78	27.20	10.57	34.42	-18.39	-17.06	-2.36	-28.23	49.89
	北祁连蛇绿岩			49.68	32.78	74.89	93.89	-8.25	56.64	-24.09	0.15	10.77	-3.65	1.99	31.32	45.84	31.85	26.72	4.33
介质	地质单元	代码	样数数	P	B	F	Sb	Ag	Co	La	Li	Nb	Ni	Sn	Sr	Th	Ti	Y	Zr
岩石 (R)	大青山花岗岩	DGR	10	645.92	20.92	480.93	0.30	39.75	17.37	29.47	10.05	9.23	15.83	1.71	405.92	7.50	4151.57	22.41	159.37
	龙首山	LSS	8	719.21	11.01	458.75	1.24	63.91	13.87	28.69	18.69	11.08	11.01	1.66	382.43	9.16	3932.44	21.01	146.00
	北祁连	NQL	56	268.86	23.83	487.02	2.24	78.49	13.34	16.63	16.32	10.25	35.20	2.12	140.00	9.09	2587.70	19.99	109.13
	北祁连蛇绿岩	NQO	11	363.37	18.42	368.63	5.12	83.10	11.18	24.27	13.71	9.68	22.94	1.79	122.87	9.14	2443.03	19.25	126.00
土壤 (So)	第四系	Q	1710	541.90	37.21	471.51	0.83	58.29	11.27	34.47	21.23	11.98	33.42	2.35	160.10	9.10	3144.46	21.02	187.83
	全国背景值^[39]		860	440.00	38.70	440.00	1.06	110.00	11.20	37.40	29.10		23.40	2.30	121.00	12.80	3800.00	21.80	237.00
	1990耕作层^[6]			1413.00	88.29				19.94		38.65		51.15	92.68
水系沉积物(St)	大青山花岗岩	DGRS	5	656.10		521.26	0.36	82.45	9.60	37.27	35.20	13.93	24.12	5.32	151.99	17.22	3473.82	26.30	183.21
	龙首山	LSSS	560	402.39		448.11	0.47	48.01	6.35	37.15	12.40	11.19	11.06	2.20	170.83	8.48	2318.19	20.11	173.19
	北祁连	NQLS	1482	606.62		518.04	0.98	61.65	13.75	35.81	25.89	12.72	36.73	2.50	145.35	11.38	3762.23	22.50	186.96
	北祁连蛇绿岩	NQOS	153	589.64		594.70	1.30	72.34	16.83	35.06	28.37	12.99	76.11	2.30	118.17	11.31	4087.15	21.61	178.67
R/St 相对偏差 RE/%	大青山花岗岩			1.56		8.05	18.63	69.88	-57.64	23.39	111.19	40.64	41.49	102.80	-91.03	78.69	-17.78	15.97	13.92
	龙首山			-56.49		-2.35	-90.67	-28.42	-74.37	25.68	-40.48	0.97	0.42	27.79	-76.49	-7.67	-51.65	-4.35	17.04
	北祁连			77.16		6.17	-78.81	-24.04	3.03	73.16	45.38	21.53	4.24	16.43	3.74	22.40	36.99	11.81	52.57
	北祁连蛇绿岩			47.48		46.93	-118.97	-13.84	40.31	36.36	69.68	29.15	107.38	24.85	-3.89	21.19	50.35	11.53	34.58

Background values of heavy metals and other elements of Quaternary in Zhangye Basin and its adjacent geological units

地质单元	代码	样数	Cu	Zn	Mo	Cr	Hg	Cu	Zn	Mo	Cr	Hg	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	Na₂O	CaO	MgO	Fe₂O₃
第四系	Q	1710	23.04	50.99	0.62	85.03	30.04	23.04	50.99	0.62	85.03	30.04	10.46	66.35	1.47	4.33	2.44	4.10
下更新统玉门组洪积层	Qp₁y	4	19.87	48.04	0.46	93.73	39.44	19.87	48.04	0.46	93.73	39.44	10.95	69.67	1.57	3.51	2.58	3.91
中更新统酒泉组洪积— 冰积层	Qp₂j	17	20.64	47.80	0.60	66.97	30.57	20.64	47.80	0.60	66.97	30.57	11.57	67.22	1.30	3.62	2.12	4.21
上更新统近河道洪积层	$Qp 3 p l m$	119	15.81	44.03	1.00	43.70	17.59	15.81	44.03	1.00	43.70	17.59	10.79	64.69	1.29	4.87	2.83	3.35
上更新统河道北砂砾层	$Qp 3 p l n$	53	9.38	24.34	0.48	29.26	15.72	9.38	24.34	0.48	29.26	15.72	7.54	75.93	1.69	2.51	0.97	1.94
上更新统河道南洪积层	$Qp 3 p l s$	262	17.79	43.53	0.50	76.00	28.53	17.79	43.53	0.50	76.00	28.53	9.84	71.60	1.47	3.25	1.97	3.64
全新统河道北冲洪积层	Qh^alpln	7	9.75	26.60	0.23	23.19	16.26	9.75	26.60	0.23	23.19	16.26	10.02	73.28	2.11	2.98	1.20	1.96
全新统河道南冲洪积层	Qh^alpls	123	23.46	52.13	0.69	84.81	35.49	23.46	52.13	0.69	84.81	35.49	11.09	63.93	1.50	4.74	2.86	4.00
全新统河道北坡残积层	Qh^deln	14	5.66	16.33	0.29	19.48	14.55	5.66	16.33	0.29	19.48	14.55	6.83	81.09	1.46	1.81	0.58	1.20
全新统河道南坡残积层	Qh^dels	10	12.76	34.03	0.48	54.89	24.93	12.76	34.03	0.48	54.89	24.93	8.74	76.04	1.48	2.57	1.28	2.87
全新统风积层	Qh^eol	88	20.45	43.99	0.51	79.82	22.13	20.45	43.99	0.51	79.82	22.13	9.78	70.13	1.52	3.33	2.26	3.69
全新统湖沼相堆积	Qh^l	44	28.87	55.26	1.08	79.65	32.27	28.87	55.26	1.08	79.65	32.27	10.41	59.55	1.81	6.26	4.34	3.82
全新统河道南洪积层	Qh^pls	262	25.88	60.73	0.76	103.75	41.08	25.88	60.73	0.76	103.75	41.08	12.01	63.32	1.35	4.99	3.03	4.42
全国背景值^[39]		860	20.00	67.70	1.20	53.90	40.00	20.00	67.70	1.20	53.90	40.00	12.11		3.61	0.99	1.04	3.90
地质单元	代码	样数	Cd	Pb	As	Sb	Ag	Co	La	Li	Nb	Ni	Sn	Sr	Th	Ti	Y	Zr
第四系	Q	1710	103.65	19.36	5.11	0.83	58.29	11.27	34.47	21.23	11.98	33.42	2.35	160.09	9.10	3144.46	21.02	187.83
下更新统玉门组洪积层	Qp₁y	4	87.82	14.09	1.19	0.57	58.66	11.10	36.66	15.19	10.89	30.50	1.85	149.04	6.85	3040.35	19.85	149.36
中更新统酒泉组洪积— 冰积层	Qp₂j	17	71.02	13.39	1.52	0.76	46.99	12.42	38.28	18.59	12.37	22.60	2.19	175.35	7.30	3259.46	20.67	157.68
上更新统近河道洪积层	$Qp 3 p l m$	119	67.50	17.66	1.46	0.67	39.24	8.80	43.18	14.58	14.75	16.49	2.08	183.66	8.26	2993.64	21.72	195.60
上更新统河道北砂砾层	$Qp 3 p l n$	53	60.82	26.76	1.25	0.35	50.27	4.55	29.50	9.65	8.44	7.58	2.08	166.94	7.83	1739.95	17.86	154.30
上更新统河道南洪积层	$Qp 3 p l s$	262	80.93	19.92	1.84	0.64	48.52	9.96	35.89	17.53	10.90	23.93	2.02	145.90	7.48	2772.55	19.32	156.04
全新统河道北冲洪积层	Qh^alpln	7	51.79	17.29	1.74	0.23	40.84	4.12	38.18	7.02	10.41	6.38	2.29	295.45	7.03	1540.52	17.99	139.54
全新统河道南冲洪积层	Qh^alpls	123	98.25	21.11	1.92	0.79	56.37	11.78	40.50	19.70	12.75	32.66	2.30	203.29	9.39	3225.36	21.66	179.09
全新统河道北坡残积层	Qh^deln	14	60.79	25.76	1.06	0.25	44.25	2.63	29.62	7.78	7.85	4.57	1.85	150.15	6.47	1244.29	16.30	110.40
全新统河道南坡残积层	Qh^dels	10	80.66	22.05	1.43	0.61	58.44	7.15	33.88	13.17	9.33	12.86	1.99	138.50	7.66	2299.24	17.94	147.67
全新统风积层	Qh^eol	88	84.84	19.09	2.06	0.63	52.26	10.29	36.33	17.81	10.81	24.02	2.27	160.61	8.60	2844.98	19.30	150.79
全新统湖沼相堆积	Qh^l	44	99.71	19.04	1.62	0.79	65.44	12.20	43.59	23.20	11.78	32.20	2.34	326.81	8.60	3213.38	21.06	177.54
全新统河道南洪积层	Qh^pls	262	106.65	22.23	2.03	0.85	60.45	13.64	42.35	22.47	13.54	41.54	2.35	193.43	8.53	3562.90	22.73	190.24
全国背景值^[39]		860	74.00	23.60	9.20	1.06	110.00	11.20	37.40	29.10		23.40	2.30	121.00	12.80	3800.00	21.80	237.00

Background values of heavy metals and other elements of Quaternary sediments in Zhangye Basin

地质单元	代码	重金属		其他元素		平均潜在生态风险指数( $R I ˉ$ )
地质单元	代码	富集	贫化	富集	贫化	平均潜在生态风险指数( $R I ˉ$ )
下更新统玉门组	Qp₁y	Cr、Cd	Cu、Zn	CaO、MgO、Fe₂O₃、P、Mn、F、Ni、Sr	K₂O、Mo	13.47~15.03
中更新统酒泉组	Qp₂j	Cu、Cr	Zn	CaO、MgO、Fe₂O₃、P、Mn、Co、Sr	K₂O、Mo	5.63~34.37
上更新统近河道洪积层	$Qp 3 p l m$		Cu、Zn	CaO、MgO、K₂O、P、Mn、F、La、Sr	Fe₂O₃、Mo	5.63~30.48
上更新统河道北砂砾层	$Qp 3 p l n$	Pb	Cu、Zn	CaO、K₂O、Sr	MgO、Fe、P、Mn、Mo	5.00~14.57
上更新统河道南洪积层	$Qp 3 p l s$	Cr	Cu、Zn	CaO、MgO、Mn、Ni、Sr	Fe、K₂O、P、Mo	7.53~29.09
全新统河道北冲洪积层	Qh^alpln		Cu、Zn	CaO、MgO、K₂O、Sr	Fe₂O₃、P、Mn、Mo	7.18~11.38
全新统河道南冲洪积层	Qh^alpls	Cu、Cr、Cd	Zn	CaO、MgO、Fe₂O₃、P、B、Mn、 Co、F、La、Ni、Sr	K₂O、Mo	13.98~49.89
全新统河道北坡残积层	Qh^deln	Pb	Cu、Zn	CaO、K₂O、Sr、Mo	MgO、Fe₂O₃、P、Mn	6.49~14.33
全新统河道南坡残积层	Qh^dels	Cr、Cd	Cu、Zn	CaO、MgO、Sr、Mo	Fe₂O₃、K₂O、P、Mn	9.60~23.80
全新统风积层	Qh^eol	Cu、Cr、Cd	Zn	CaO、MgO、P、Mn、Ni、Sr、Mo	Fe₂O₃、K₂O	6.97~39.71
全新统湖沼相堆积	Qh^l	Cu、Cr、Cd	Zn	CaO、MgO、P、B、Mn、Co、F、 La、Ni、Sn、Sr、Mo	Fe₂O₃、K₂O	0.91~1.13
全新统河道南洪积层	Qh^pls	Cu、Cr、Hg、Cd	Zn	CaO、MgO、Fe₂O₃、K₂O、P、B、 Mn、Co、F、La、Ni、Sn、Sr、Y、Mo		6.23~49.89

Rich state of elements in the Quaternary sediments

参数	Zn	Pb	Ni	Hg	Cu	Cr	Cd	As	$R I ˉ$
样品数	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
平均值	69.75	20.87	58.20	109.50	32.15	131.12	148.33	3.22	45.80
标准差	2.36	1.38	4.43	10.08	2.57	5.60	9.83	0.97	2.93
最小值	65.70	20.10	49.80	103.00	27.60	119.70	130.00	1.50	43.91
最大值	71.20	23.50	60.70	123.00	33.70	133.80	160.00	3.80	49.89
偏度	-0.75	1.06	-1.02	0.54	-0.82	-1.36	-0.80	-0.83	0.55
峰度	1.59	2.30	2.23	1.05	1.75	2.91	2.35	1.76	1.07

Statistics of the H3 anomaly of average potential ecological risk indexes

(R I ˉ)

The princinpal component anomalies around H3 anomaly of average potential ecological risk indexes

Qp 3 p l m—diluvium layer of deep topsoil from upper Pleistocene near the river;

Qp 3 p l n

—sand-gravel layer of deep topsoil from upper Pleistocenein in north side of river;

Qp 3 p l s

Geochemical diagrams for origins of deep subsoil and potential ecological risk index anomalies in Zhangye Basin
DGR—Daqing mountain granite rocks; LSS—Longshou mountain rocks; NQL—north Qilian rocks; NQO—north Qilian ophiolite rocks; DGRS—Daqing mountain granite stream sediment; LSSS—Longshou mountain drainage sediment; NQLS—north Qilian stream sediment; NQOS—north Qilian ophiolite stream sediment; Q—Quaternary deep topsoil; Qp₁y—diluvium layer of deep topsoil from Yumen Formation; Qp₂j—diluvium-glacial layer of deep topsoil from Jiuquan Formation;

Qp 3 p l m

—diluvium layer of deep topsoil from upper Pleistocene near the river;

Qp 3 p l n

—sand-gravel layer of deep topsoil from upper Pleistocenein in north side of river;

Qp 3 p l s

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