基于大数据的中国土壤背景值与基准值及其变化特征研究——写在《中国土壤地球化学参数》出版之际

doi:10.11720/wtyht.2021.0302

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Abstract

The research on the soil’s geochemical background value and reference value is an important basic work in the field of geosciences. The publication of Soil Geochemical Parameters of China is an important result achieved on the basis of the China’s nation-wide multi-target regional geochemical survey and the high quality and precision big data studies. This paper outlines some basic requirements including the geochemical investigation method and the sample testing quality, and explains the acquisition means and accuracy level of the big data. We mainly discuss on a macro-scale the variation features of Chinese soil’s background value versus reference value, including:① to study the ratio feature between Chinese soil’s geochemical background value and the continental crust abundance of the world, and explain the overall characteristics and basic rules of Chinese soil element(oxide)background value versus the global continental crust abundance;② through comparing the soil element(oxide)background values of Liaohe river, yellow river, Yangzi river and Zujiang river catchment areas with the continental crust abundance, to study the variation features of soil element(oxide)background values of each large river catchment area from north China to south China versus the global continental crust abundance;③ through comparing the soil background value of the above mentioned large river catchment areas with Chinese nationwide soil background value, to study the soil background value’s variation features of each large river catchment area relative to Chinese nationwide overall soil background value;④ taking the soil background value of the “first environment”, which represents the natural background with almost no human influence, as the baseline, to study soil’s geochemical enrichment characteristicsof the “second environment” which is deeply influenced by human activities;⑤ through comparing the ratio features of “first environment” soil geochemical background versus “second environment” soil geochemical background of each large river catchment area and region in China, to study enrichment and depletion rules of the element index under different natural environment and geographic landscape of the whole China. The study of Soil Geochemical Parameters of China is on the basis of geochemical big data. With huge amount of information and very rich connotation, this study represents China’s high quality and accuracy, and is an unprecedented academic achievement and milestone in China’s geochemical research history. This study will provide basic information for many scientific fields including the pedology, ecology, environment science and biology; provide important basis for the research of major scientific subjects such as global change, global environment and global governance; and provide evaluation criteria for the scientific management and decision-making of China’s natural resources, ecological & environmental protection, agricultural & rural development and health sectors. Only by exploring some problems on a macro-scale in this paper, we have found many ecological information, natural rules and scientific questions which need us to make in-depth research and application practice. It is predictable that along with the in-depth research and extensive application of Chinese soil’s geochemical parameters, the geochemical research will be further involved into China’s economic and social development, make positive contributions to our country, and geochemical problems will be more concerned by China’s economic and social development sectors.The result of this investigation and research project is a concentration of many geo-scientists’ hard work and wisdom, shows us these geoscientists’ rigorous scientific spirit and respectable dedication and responsibility, demonstrates China’s high quality and accuracy, and represents the high quality geo-scientific advancement of China.

Key words： Chinese soil big data background value and reference value ecological information variation features investigation method data accuracy multi-target regional geochemical survey

Received: 30 March 2021 Published: 15 December 2021

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	Xiao-Huan XI
	Qing-Ye HOU
	Zhong-Fang YANG
	Jia-Yu YE
	Tao YU
	Xue-Qi XIA
	Hang-Xin CHENG
	Guo-Hua ZHOU
	Lan YAO

Cite this article:

Xiao-Huan XI,Qing-Ye HOU,Zhong-Fang YANG, et al. Big data based studies of the variation features of Chinese soil’s background value versus reference value: A paper written on the occasion of Soil Geochemical Parameters of China’s publication[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2021, 45(5): 1095-1108.

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https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/10.11720/wtyht.2021.0302 OR https://www.wutanyuhuatan.com/EN/Y2021/V45/I5/1095

Matching scheme for analytical methods

指标	分析方法检出限	分析方法精密度RSD/%	分析方法准确度 $RE ¯$ /%	分析方法准确度($\overline {ΔlgC}$)
Ag	0.02	3.82	1.65	0.01
As	0.069	2.68	9.92	0.05
Au	0.0003	0.64	1.40	0.006
B	1.0	12.2	1.9	0.02
Ba	10	4.49	2.80	0.014
Be	0.2	1.77	4.68	0.023
Bi	0.042	2.86	5.74	0.03
Br	0.8	6.78	5.0	0.082
Cd	0.05	6.12	3.38	0.01
Ce	1.0	3.5	2.3	0.025
Cl	6.9	5.0	3.1	0.063
Co	1.0	1.49	8.99	0.044
Cr	3.0	3.70	10.47	0.052
Cu	1.0	2.51	5.16	0.026
F	20	18.2	5.1	0.038
Ga	2.0	2.2	3.0	0.04
Ge	0.02	2.72	3.51	0.02
Hg	0.0005	2.18	2.11	0.01
I	0.30	0.50	3.30	0.02
La	1.0	3.11	4.14	0.020
Li	0.5	1.77	4.48	0.022
Mn	5.0	1.62	4.19	0.021
Mo	0.2	6.48	2.65	0.013
N	0.002	3.1	2.3	0.02
Nb	1.0	2.1	2.8	0.018
Ni	1.0	1.56	4.57	0.023
P	20	2.0	1.9	0.009
Pb	2.0	1.8	3.2	0.03
Rb	1.0	4.2	8.4	0.06
S	6.5	6.4	7.5	0.078
Sb	0.028	2.59	7.11	0.04
Sc	0.2	3.2	4.5	0.05
Se	0.0057	3.27	11.5	0.06
Sn	0.6	9.1	2.0	0.03
Sr	3.0	2.17	3.85	0.019
Th	4.0	4.2	3.6	0.06
Ti	30	0.8	1.8	0.025
Tl	0.2	7.8	2.5	0.08
U	0.05	6.7	3.1	0.012
V	5.0	1.61	3.59	0.018
W	0.3	5.95	0.62	0.003
Y	1.0	2.4	1.6	0.014
Zn	5.0	1.85	4.21	0.021
Zr	1.0	2.3	5.4	0.036
SiO₂	100	0.8	2.3	0.018
Al₂O₃	100	0.11	9.3	0.048
TFe₂O₃	0.0030	1.28	5.60	0.028
MgO	0.0029	1.55	4.65	0.023
CaO	0.0052	1.20	4.22	0.021
Na₂O	0.045	5.65	4.14	0.020
K₂O	100	3.3	2.4	0.01
TC	0.080	1.60	4.44	0.02
SOC	0.068	2.45	3.84	0.019
pH	0.10

Detection limit, accuracy and precision of the analytical method used for each element

含量范围	准确度	精密度
含量范围	$\overline {ΔlgC}$(GBW)=\|lg $C ¯ i$ -lgC_s\|	RSD%(GBW)= $∑ i = 1 i (C i - C s) 2 n - 1 C s × 100$
检出限3倍以内	≤0.1	17
检出限3倍以上	≤0.05	10
>1%	≤0.04	8

Accuracy and precision requirements of the analytical method

含量范围	准确度	精密度
含量范围	$\overline {ΔlgC}$(GBW)=\|lg $C ¯ i$ -lgC_s\|	λ= $∑ i = 1 n (lg C i - lg C s) 2 4 - 1$
检出限3倍以内	≤0.12	0.17
检出限3倍以上	≤0.10	0.15
1~5%	≤0.07	0.10
>5%	≤0.05	0.08

Accuracy and precision requirements of routine analysis

Areas covered by multi-target regional geochemical survey in China(1999~2012)

指标	含量单位	土壤第一环境								土壤第二环境
		原始数据 (n=95588)				剔除异常值数据 (n=95471~77535)				原始数据 (n=376743)				剔除异常值数据 (n=375854~312184)
				平均值	标准差	变异系数	平均值		标准差	变异系数	平均值		标准差	变异系数	平均值		标准差	变异系数
Ag	10^-9	250	3713	14.8	66		17	0.3	297		4216	14.2	74		20	0.3
As	10^-6	10.8	12.9	1.2	9.5		3.9	0.4	10.3		14.5	1.4	9.1		3.7	0.4
Au	10^-9	1.7	2.5	1.5	1.5		0.5	0.4	2.0		7.0	3.5	1.6		0.6	0.4
B	10^-6	50	26	0.5	48		19	0.4	51		29	0.6	48		20	0.4
Ba	10^-6	518	196	0.4	512		113	0.2	510		253	0.5	504		117	0.2
Be	10^-6	2.2	0.8	0.4	2.1		0.5	0.2	2.1		0.8	0.4	2.0		0.4	0.2
Bi	10^-6	0.40	1.60	4.0	0.29		0.10	0.3	0.46		1.92	4.2	0.33		0.11	0.3
Br	10^-6	2.9	3.7	1.3	2.3		1.0	0.5	4.5		5.9	1.3	3.3		1.5	0.5
Cd	10^-9	127	308	2.4	96		40	0.4	205		613	3.0	150		68	0.5
Ce	10^-6	75	25	0.3	71		16	0.2	75		43	0.6	72		16	0.2
Cl	10^-6	233	1022	4.4	63		27	0.4	317		1611	5.1	72		26	0.4
Co	10^-6	13.4	8.4	0.6	12.4		4.5	0.4	12.2		6.4	0.5	11.7		4.3	0.4
Cr	10^-6	68	39	0.6	65		21	0.3	66		46	0.7	63		22	0.3
Cu	10^-6	24	17	0.7	22		8	0.4	25		32	1.3	23		9	0.4
F	10^-6	534	267	0.5	512		137	0.3	521		325	0.6	501		147	0.3
Ga	10^-6	17.2	4.2	0.2	16.9		3.4	0.2	16.3		3.8	0.2	16.1		3.1	0.2
Ge	10^-6	1.4	0.3	0.2	1.4		0.2	0.2	1.4		0.2	0.2	1.4		0.2	0.1
Hg	10^-9	46	385	8.3	28		18	0.6	76		466	6.1	50		31	0.6
I	10^-6	2.5	2.4	0.9	2.0		1.1	0.6	2.4		2.5	1.1	1.8		0.8	0.5
La	10^-6	38	13	0.3	37		8	0.2	38		22	0.6	37		7	0.2
Li	10^-6	36	16	0.4	35		11	0.3	34		15	0.4	33		11	0.3
Mn	10^-6	650	384	0.6	605		230	0.4	580		308	0.5	552		206	0.4
Mo	10^-6	0.89	1.19	1.3	0.68		0.27	0.4	0.86		2.00	2.3	0.67		0.26	0.4
N	10^-6	489	291	0.6	444		176	0.4	1172		591	0.5	1117		450	0.4
Nb	10^-6	16	6	0.4	16		4	0.2	16		7	0.4	15		4	0.2
Ni	10^-6	29	22	0.8	28		10	0.4	27		20	0.7	26		10	0.4
P	10^-6	479	276	0.6	460		177	0.4	707		359	0.5	686		256	0.4
Pb	10^-6	27	39	1.4	23		5	0.2	30		90	3.0	25		7	0.3
Rb	10^-6	109	37	0.3	103		19	0.2	104		37	0.4	99		18	0.2
S	10^-6	233	668	2.9	129		58	0.5	353		746	2.1	259		104	0.4
Sb	10^-6	0.94	1.60	1.7	0.76		0.30	0.4	1.02		2.15	2.1	0.80		0.31	0.4
Sc	10^-6	11.2	3.6	0.3	11.1		3.0	0.3	10.7		3.5	0.3	10.5		2.9	0.3
Se	10^-6	0.17	0.19	1.1	0.13		0.07	0.5	0.26		0.22	0.8	0.22		0.09	0.4
Sn	10^-6	3.6	3.9	1.1	3.0		0.8	0.3	4.3		8.7	2.0	3.2		0.9	0.3
Sr	10^-6	157	108	0.7	152		83	0.5	154		110	0.7	148		79	0.5
Th	10^-6	13.5	6.9	0.5	12.3		3.2	0.3	12.9		6.1	0.5	11.9		3.0	0.3
Ti	10^-6	4458	2069	0.5	4240		1068	0.3	4419		2191	0.5	4193		1044	0.2
Tl	10^-6	0.7	0.3	0.4	0.6		0.1	0.2	0.6		0.3	0.4	0.6		0.1	0.2
U	10^-6	2.8	1.6	0.6	2.4		0.7	0.3	2.8		15.1	5.4	2.4		0.7	0.3
V	10^-6	87	37	0.4	83		24	0.3	84		36	0.4	79		24	0.3
W	10^-6	2.12	3.08	1.5	1.78		0.55	0.3	2.18		7.45	3.4	1.77		0.55	0.3
Y	10^-6	25.6	8.1	0.3	25.0		5.0	0.2	25.4		7.0	0.3	24.9		5.0	0.2
Zn	10^-6	67	34	0.5	64		20	0.3	71		49	0.7	67		23	0.3
Zr	10^-6	261	68	0.3	257		55	0.2	276		85	0.3	269		63	0.2
SiO₂	%	63.88	6.65	0.1	63.94		6.03	0.1	64.96		7.52	0.1	64.96		7.01	0.1
Al₂O₃	%	13.98	3.15	0.2	13.62		2.31	0.2	13.14		2.65	0.2	12.96		1.96	0.2
TFe₂O₃	%	4.79	1.81	0.4	4.64		1.35	0.3	4.49		1.72	0.4	4.35		1.28	0.3
MgO	%	1.52	0.76	0.5	1.50		0.71	0.5	1.48		0.80	0.5	1.46		0.75	0.5
CaO	%	2.99	2.97	1.0	2.90		2.76	0.9	2.85		2.75	1.0	2.79		2.58	0.9
Na₂O	%	1.28	0.76	0.6	1.28		0.75	0.6	1.28		0.77	0.6	1.27		0.75	0.6
K₂O	%	2.41	0.58	0.2	2.40		0.42	0.2	2.36		0.63	0.3	2.36		0.44	0.2
TC	%	0.90	0.72	0.8	0.84		0.55	0.6	1.63		0.85	0.5	1.54		0.58	0.4
SOC	%	0.37	0.33	0.9	0.31		0.16	0.5	1.15		0.71	0.6	1.07		0.49	0.5
pH(中位数)		8.03			8.04				7.67				7.67

Geochemical background value of soil in China

Ratio between Chinese soil’s geochemical background value and the continental crust abundance

Features of the ratio between each large river catchments soil background value relative to upper crust abundance and whole Chinas soil background value

Ratio features of soil background value in environment II versus that in environment I (reference value) of China

地区	显著富集 (≥1.2)	富集 (1.10~1.20)	稳定 (0.90~1.10)	贫化 (0.80~0.90)	显著贫化 (<0.80)
全国	TC、SOC、Br、Cd、Cl、 Hg、N、P、S、Se	Sn、Ag、Au、 Bi、Pb	As、B、Ba、Be、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、 F、Ga、Ge、I、Li、La、Mo、Nb、 Ni、Rb、Sb、Sc、Sr、Th、Ti、Tl、 U、V、W、Y、Zn、Zr、SiO₂、 Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、CaO、 Na₂O、K₂O、pH
黑龙江流域	TC、SOC、Br、Cd、Cl、 Hg、N、P、 S、Se	I	SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、 CaO、Na₂O、K₂O、Ag、As、Au、 Ba、Be、Bi、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、F、 Ga、Ge、La、Li、Mn、Nb、Ni、 Pb、Rb、Sb、Sc、Sn、Sr、Th、Ti、 Tl、U、V、W、Y、Zn、Zr	B、Mo
辽河流域	TC、SOC、Bi、Br、Cd、 Cl、Hg、N、P、S、Se	Ag、Au、Mo、 Pb、Sn、Zn	SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、 CaO、Na₂O、K₂O、As、B、Ba、 Be、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、F、Ga、Ge、 I、La、Li、Mn、Nb、Ni、Rb、Sb、 Sc、Sr、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、W、Y、 Zr
黄河流域	TC、SOC、Br、Cd、 Cl、Hg、N、P、Se	Ag、Au、Bi、Cu、Pb、S	SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、 CaO、Na₂O、K₂O、As、B、Ba、 Be、Ce、Cr、F、Ga、Ge、I、La、 Li、Mn、Mo、Nb、Ni、Rb、Sb、 Sc、Sn、Sr、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、W、 Y、Zn、Zr	Co
淮河流域	TC、SOC、Br、Cd、 Hg、N、S、Se、P	Bi、Sn	SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、 CaO、Na₂O、K₂O、Ag、As、Au、 B、Ba、Be、Ce、Cl、Co、Cr、Cu、 F、Ga、Ge、I、La、Li、Mo、Nb、 Ni、Pb、Rb、Sb、Sc、Sr、Th、Ti、 Tl、Y、U、V、W、Zn、Zr	Mn
长江流域	TC、SOC、Au、Bi、Br、 Cd、Cl、Hg、N、P、Pb、 S、Sb、Se、Sn	Ag	SiO₂、Al₂O₃、MgO、CaO、 Na₂O、K₂O、As、B、Ba、Be、Ce、 Co、Cr、Cu、F、Ga、Ge、La、Li、 Mo、Nb、Ni、Rb、Sc、Sr、Th、Ti、 Tl、U、V、W、Y、Zn、Zr	TFe₂O₃	I、Mn
珠江流域	SOC、TC、Ag、Au、Br、 Cd、Hg、N、P、S	Zr	SiO₂、CaO、Na₂O、B、Ba、Bi、 Ce、Cl、Cu、F、La、Mn、Nb、Pb、 Sb、Se、Sn、Sr、Ti、U、W、Y、Zn	Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、 K₂O、As、Be、Co、Cr、 Ga、Ge、I、Li、Mo、Ni、 Rb、Sc、Th、Tl、V
广西	CaO、TC、SOC、Ag、 Cd、Cl、N、P、S	SiO₂、Br、Zr	Na₂O、Au、B、Ce、La、Se、Sn、 Sr、Ti、Y、W	Ba、Bi、Cr、Cu、F、Ge、 Hg、 Mn、Nb、Pb、Sb、 Th、Tl、U	Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、 K₂O、As、Be、Co、Ga、I、 Li、Mo、Ni、Rb、Sc、V、Zn
海南岛	TC、SOC、Au、Br、Cl、 Cd、I、Hg、N、P、Se、Zr	Ag、Mn	SiO₂、CaO、Na₂O、K₂O、As、B、 Bi、Co、Cr、Ge、Nb、Sb、Sn、Sr、 Ti、V、W	TFe₂O₃、MgO、Ba、Cu、 Ga、Mo、Ni、Pb、Rb、Tl、 Th、U、Zn	Al₂O₃、Be、Ce、F、La、 Li、S、Sc、Y

Ratio features of environment II soil background value versus environment I soil background value (reference value) of whole China and each main catchment area

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