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| Reasonable sampling density for land parcel scale geochemical assessment on land quality in Northeast China Plain |
| Min PENG1,2,3,4, Kuo LI1,2,3,4, Fei LIU2,3,4, Shi-Qi TANG2,3,4, Hong-Hong MA2,3,4, Ke YANG2,3,4, Zheng YANG2,3,4, Fei GUO2,3,4, Hang-Xin CHENG2,3,4 |
1. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. Institute of Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China;
3. Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China
4. Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth’s Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.; |
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Abstract In order to identify the reasonable sampling density for land parcel scale geochemical assessment on land quality in Northeast China Plain, the authors studied spatial variability of elements in soils as well as reasonable sampling size based on classic statistics and conducted a thorough comparison of interpolation accuracies at four sampling densities in a typical area in Gongzhuling City of Jilin Province. As the area is dominated by flat land and the soils parent materials are mainly homogeneous sediments, most of elements in soils in this area display a minor to moderate variability, Cd and Hg which are sensitive to human activities have a significant higher coefficient of variation of 35.3% and 136.6%, respectively. Classic statistics show that sampling size of 80 is sufficient for providing a reliable estimation of mean and variance for the elements concentration in soils in this area ( under a P value of 95% and Er tolerance level of 30%); however, classical statistics could not make out the spatial allocation of soil properties at the unsampled locations. By comparing the relative error of spatial interpolation, the predicted value for land parcel and the predicted classes at four sampling densities, the authors suggest that the reasonable sampling density is 8 samples per square kilometer for land parcel scale geochemical assessment on land quality in the study area and similar areas in the Northeast China Plain, considering the tolerance level of Er (relative error) for the geochemical assessment on land quality. The results obtained by the authors may help optimize soil sampling density in land parcel scale geochemical assessment.
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Received: 06 December 2018
Published: 10 April 2019
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The location of the study area
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| 指标 | 分析方法 | 检出限 | 单位 | | As | 氢化物—原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS) | 0.2 | 10-6 | | B | 发射光谱法(ES) | 2 | 10-6 | | Cd | 等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) | 20 | 10-9 | | Cl | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 20 | 10-6 | | Co | 等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) | 1 | 10-6 | | Cr | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 2 | 10-6 | | Cu | 等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) | 1 | 10-6 | | F | 离子选择性电极(ISE) | 100 | 10-6 | | Ge | 氢化物—原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS) | 0.1 | 10-6 | | Hg | 冷蒸气—原子荧光光谱法(CV-AFS) | 2 | 10-9 | | I | 催化分光光度法(COL) | 0.5 | 10-6 | | Mn | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 10 | 10-6 | | Mo | 等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) | 0.2 | 10-6 | | N | 氧化热解 -气相色谱法 | 20 | 10-6 | | Ni | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 1 | 10-6 | | P | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 10 | 10-6 | | Pb | 等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) | 2 | 10-6 | | S | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 50 | 10-6 | | Se | 氢化物—原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS) | 0.01 | 10-6 | | Zn | 等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) | 2 | 10-6 | | SiO2 | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 0.1 | % | | Al2O3 | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 0.1 | % | | TFe2O3 | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 0.1 | % | | MgO | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 0.05 | % | | CaO | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 0.05 | % | | Na2O | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 0.05 | % | | K2O | 压片法X-射线荧光光谱(XRF) | 0.05 | % | | Corg | 氧化热解—电位法 | 0.1 | % | | pH | 电位法 | 0.1 | 无量纲 |
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| 指标 | 单位 | 样品数 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 变异系数 | n | | As | 10-6 | 1236 | 5.63 | 33.76 | 11.11 | 1.84 | 16.6% | 2 | | B | 10-6 | 1236 | 13.39 | 139.78 | 43.41 | 7.88 | 18.1% | 2 | | Cd | 10-9 | 1236 | 35.81 | 707.63 | 175.29 | 61.93 | 35.3% | 6 | | Cl | 10-6 | 1236 | 45.90 | 1411.80 | 109.70 | 97.48 | 88.9% | 34 | | Co | 10-6 | 1236 | 7.67 | 30.87 | 14.63 | 3.26 | 22.3% | 3 | | Cr | 10-6 | 1236 | 50.80 | 87.40 | 64.51 | 4.47 | 6.9% | 1 | | Cu | 10-6 | 1236 | 17.33 | 59.06 | 22.66 | 2.21 | 9.8% | 1 | | F | 10-6 | 1236 | 346.89 | 862.25 | 476.79 | 39.82 | 8.4% | 1 | | Ge | 10-6 | 1236 | 0.83 | 1.77 | 1.32 | 0.13 | 9.6% | 1 | | Hg | 10-9 | 1236 | 3.16 | 1333.03 | 45.85 | 62.65 | 136.6% | 80 | | I | 10-6 | 1236 | 0.91 | 6.05 | 2.73 | 0.59 | 21.5% | 2 | | Mn | 10-6 | 1236 | 232.61 | 2393.36 | 873.10 | 335.03 | 38.4% | 7 | | Mo | 10-6 | 1236 | 0.30 | 1.92 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 22.5% | 3 | | N | 10-6 | 1236 | 326.21 | 3536.15 | 1717.95 | 272.24 | 15.8% | 2 | | Ni | 10-6 | 1236 | 20.03 | 55.83 | 28.91 | 3.11 | 10.7% | 1 | | P | 10-6 | 1236 | 371.42 | 2180.34 | 853.03 | 194.72 | 22.8% | 3 | | Pb | 10-6 | 1236 | 20.52 | 185.26 | 27.06 | 5.83 | 21.5% | 2 | | S | 10-6 | 1236 | 101.17 | 1217.25 | 342.40 | 102.86 | 30.0% | 4 | | Se | 10-6 | 1236 | 0.06 | 0.51 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 19.0% | 2 | | Zn | 10-6 | 1236 | 45.74 | 453.58 | 63.54 | 12.40 | 19.5% | 2 | | SiO2 | % | 1236 | 45.81 | 65.97 | 62.52 | 2.02 | 3.2% | 1 | | Al2O3 | % | 1236 | 9.72 | 16.68 | 14.39 | 0.66 | 4.6% | 1 | | TFe2O3 | % | 1236 | 3.26 | 5.88 | 4.37 | 0.29 | 6.7% | 1 | | MgO | % | 1236 | 0.79 | 1.94 | 1.32 | 0.14 | 10.3% | 1 | | CaO | % | 1236 | 0.92 | 8.78 | 2.02 | 1.04 | 51.7% | 12 | | Na2O | % | 1236 | 1.28 | 3.55 | 1.91 | 0.18 | 9.5% | 1 | | K2O | % | 1236 | 1.68 | 3.12 | 2.42 | 0.08 | 3.5% | 1 | | Corg | % | 1236 | 0.24 | 4.59 | 1.62 | 0.29 | 18.1% | 2 | | pH | 无量纲 | 1236 | 4.83 | 9.25 | 6.96 | 1.08 | 15.6% | 2 |
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Statistical parameters of elements concentration in soil samples and reasonable sampling size for the study area
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Coefficient of variation of elements in soils from the study area
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Calculate method for relative error(Er) of interpolation
a—geochemical map interpolated using 1236 samples;b—geochemical map interpolated using 640 samples;c—relative error;d—percentages of grid area in each Er range
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Relative error (Er) of interpolation for K, Se and Hg using four sampling density datasets
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元
素 | 采样
点位 | 不同Er范围内地块数量比例/% | 元
素 | 采样
点位 | 不同Er范围内地块数量比例/% | | ≤5% | 5%~10% | 10%~20% | 20%~30% | >30% | ≤5% | 5%~10% | 10%~20% | 20%~30% | >30% | | 720 | 75.7 | 12.8 | 8.5 | 2.1 | 0.8 | | 720 | 64.8 | 17.8 | 12.0 | 2.7 | 2.6 | | N | 640 | 72.2 | 14.2 | 9.8 | 2.3 | 1.5 | P | 640 | 62.9 | 18.4 | 12.7 | 3.1 | 2.8 | | 480 | 64.7 | 17.2 | 13.7 | 2.4 | 2.1 | | 480 | 53.3 | 19.6 | 16.1 | 6.5 | 4.6 | | 320 | 56.0 | 21.4 | 16.7 | 3.3 | 2.6 | | 320 | 43.8 | 22.5 | 21.0 | 7.3 | 5.4 | | 720 | 97.7 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | | 720 | 47.3 | 11.5 | 14.7 | 8.2 | 18.3 | | K | 640 | 97.5 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Hg | 640 | 40.0 | 12.2 | 18.1 | 10.5 | 19.2 | | 480 | 96.6 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | | 480 | 32.6 | 11.0 | 18.9 | 11.2 | 26.3 | | 320 | 95.7 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | | 320 | 24.9 | 10.9 | 20.5 | 12.8 | 30.9 | | 720 | 59.4 | 16.1 | 13.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | | 720 | 83.6 | 11.6 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | | Cd | 640 | 53.2 | 17.6 | 15.0 | 7.6 | 6.6 | Pb | 640 | 81.9 | 12.2 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | | 480 | 53.2 | 17.6 | 15.0 | 7.6 | 6.6 | | 480 | 76.0 | 16.2 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | | 320 | 36.4 | 17.6 | 22.9 | 11.0 | 12.0 | | 320 | 67.1 | 17.8 | 11.8 | 2.3 | 0.9 | | 720 | 72.6 | 16.7 | 8.7 | 1.5 | 0.6 | | 720 | 87.9 | 7.7 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 | | As | 640 | 70.7 | 18.3 | 8.3 | 1.8 | 0.9 | Cu | 640 | 87.3 | 9.0 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | | 480 | 60.9 | 22.7 | 13.0 | 2.1 | 1.3 | | 480 | 82.2 | 12.5 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 0.3 | | 320 | 56.5 | 22.3 | 16.2 | 3.5 | 1.5 | | 320 | 73.8 | 18.1 | 6.5 | 1.4 | 0.2% | | 720 | 85.0 | 10.2 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 0.2 | | 720 | 84.0 | 10.8 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | | Zn | 640 | 85.9 | 10.1 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.3 | Ni | 640 | 82.5 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 0.8 | 0.2 | | 480 | 78.2 | 13.8 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | | 480 | 76.7 | 16.5 | 5.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | | 320 | 73.2 | 18.5 | 6.2 | 1.8 | 0.3 | | 320 | 72.0 | 18.3 | 8.4 | 0.9 | 0.3 | | 720 | 88.7 | 8.2 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.0 | | 720 | 74.8 | 14.9 | 7.6 | 1.2 | 1.6 | | Cr | 640 | 88.1 | 8.8 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.0 | Se | 640 | 70.8 | 15.8 | 9.3 | 2.3 | 1.9 | | 480 | 84.6 | 11.9 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | | 480 | 61.4 | 20.7 | 12.3 | 2.9 | 2.6 | | 320 | 78.3 | 16.7 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 0.0 | | 320 | 56.5 | 20.3 | 16.2 | 4.0 | 3.0 | | 720 | 72.2 | 14.6 | 8.8 | 2.7 | 1.7 | | 720 | 87.5 | 8.8 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | | I | 640 | 69.2 | 14.6 | 9.9 | 4.0 | 2.3 | F | 640 | 87.5 | 8.3 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | | 480 | 61.9 | 16.9 | 13.7 | 5.0 | 2.5 | | 480 | 82.1 | 12.7 | 4.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | | 320 | 51.0 | 23.2 | 16.5 | 6.1 | 3.2 | | 320 | 75.7 | 17.1 | 6.5 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
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Relative error of elements land parcel predicted value vs. measured value using four sampling density datasets
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Relative error (Er) of land parcel predicted value vs. measured value for K, Se, Cd and Hg using four sampling density datasets
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The passing rate of predicted classes using four sampling density datasets
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| 评价指标 | 预测等级合格率/% | 评价指标 | 预测等级合格率/% | 720
点位 | 640
点位 | 480
点位 | 320
点位 | 720
点位 | 640
点位 | 480
点位 | 320
点位 | | N单指标等级 | 91.33 | 89.72 | 86.07 | 82.33 | Hg单指标等级 | 99.58 | 99.83 | 99.66 | 99.75 | | P单指标等级 | 78.84 | 77.57 | 70.69 | 64.66 | Cd单指标等级 | 99.41 | 99.15 | 98.81 | 98.81 | | K单指标等级 | 85.30 | 85.64 | 81.90 | 78.93 | Pb单指标等级 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | | Se单指标等级 | 97.79 | 96.94 | 96.35 | 95.67 | As单指标等级 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 99.92 | 99.92 | | I单指标等级 | 98.98 | 98.47 | 98.39 | 98.30 | Cu单指标等级 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | | F单指标等级 | 91.59 | 90.31 | 87.94 | 85.39 | Zn单指标等级 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | | 养分综合等级 | 88.19 | 85.47 | 82.75 | 78.84 | Ni单指标等级 | 100.00 | 99.92 | 99.92 | 99.92 | | 环境综合等级 | 98.98 | 98.90 | 98.30 | 98.47 | Cr单指标等级 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | | 质量综合等级 | 89.63 | 87.09 | 84.96 | 81.90 | | | | | |
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The passing rate of predicted classes using four sampling density datasets
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Comparison of predicted and measured classes using 640 samples and 1236 samples respectively
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