In the process of coal mining, coal thickness and structural factors often restrict the production efficiency of coal mine. Before mining, the detection of these factors has important guiding significance for practical production. Combined with the actual geological conditions, the authors established a forward model. Based on the ray tracing theory, the authors studied factors such as coal thickness, fault and collapse column in the coal seismic exploration of reflection mechanism and response characteristics. The results show that, for the thickness of coal seam in the time domain, the thickness of 1/4 lambda can be identified, and that fault and collapse column in the seismic record is a typical section of wave, with characteristics of diffraction. The seismic response of the coal seam provides a reference for practical exploration of the inversion explanation and also provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the coal mining in the late stage.