0 引言
随着城市化、工业化、现代化的快速发展,越来越多含重金属的废水和废弃物被排入水体中,对河流、湖泊等生态系统造成严重威胁[1-2]。重金属具有不易降解、累积性强、生物毒性或生态毒性大等特征[3]。经各种方式进入河流中的重金属大部分通过吸附、沉降等方式转移至底泥中[4-5],而当环境发生变化时,富集在底泥中的重金属可能又会被释放至河流中,对水体质量造成“再次污染”[6],对生态环境系统造成直接或间接的危害,并通过食物链的放大作用对人类健康造成严重威胁[7⇓-9]。因此,底泥重金属污染问题已引起了国内外学者的广泛关注和研究[10⇓⇓-13]。当前,关于底泥重金属污染的评价方法较多,如内梅罗综合指数法[14-15]、地累积指数法[16-17]、污染负荷指数法[18]和潜在生态风险指数法[19-20]等。由于每种评价方法都有各自的优缺点和适用范围[21],所以采用多种方法进行对比和综合分析显得十分具有必要性,各方法可互相借鉴补充,使评价结果更为科学、准确。
长江流域是我国最宝贵的生态资源之一,其生态文明建设是该流域可持续发展的关键。长江的污染与生态环境质量下降势必制约长江经济带的发展与建设,其水体底泥的重金属污染值得引起社会的关注。近年来,有关长江流域底泥重金属的分布特征、风险评价和来源分析等已有学者进行过研究。易雨君等[22]对长江中下游流域重点断面及湖泊的底泥进行了调查研究,发现Cd、Hg、Cr、Pb、Cu、As 和Zn在部分样点中含量均高于背景值,在湖泊、港口和城市化较高的区域表现出明显的富集趋势。杨帆等[15]在对长江中游流域的湖南省主要水系底泥的研究中发现,该流域重金属Cd和Mn含量超过了湖南省表层沉积物重金属元素背景值,污染相对严重,多种重金属具有相同污染来源或产生了复合污染,总体潜在生态风险属于中等级别。但目前关于长江上游的底泥重金属研究较少,尤其是金沙江流域。本文以金沙江南岸支流龙川江的一级支流蜻蛉河流域为研究区,通过分析底泥中8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)的含量和沿途分布特征,运用相关性分析、主成分分析的方法探究底泥中重金属的可能来源,运用地累积指数法和内梅罗指数法对底泥的重金属污染程度进行分析与评价,以期为金沙江流域的重金属污染防治和流域生态保护提供基础数据和参考依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 研究区域概况与样品采集
蜻蛉河发源于云南省楚雄彝族自治州姚安县太平镇黎梅山,向南流入姚安县平坝农业区,后经大姚县向东北方向在元谋县黑泥坡村汇入龙川江[23]。蜻蛉河全长132 km,流域面积达3 546 km2,属亚热带季风气候,总体气候特征冬夏季短、春秋季长,干湿季明显,无霜期长。日温差大、年温差小,年均气温15.6 ℃。雨季主要集中在7~10月,年均降水796.3 mm。研究区地处青藏高原东南缘哀牢山—金沙江断裂带东侧和扬子板块西缘楚雄凹陷带内[24],地貌上表现为以高中山和低山丘陵为主的格局。土壤类型以紫色土、黄棕壤、水稻土为主,在干热河谷区发育有燥红土。研究区内出露的地层主要为侏罗系、白垩系地层以及第四系沉积物[25],河流两岸出露沉积岩岩性主要为中生代红层的紫红色砂岩、泥岩和第四系冲积物,在河流源头处出露小面积的碱性岩浆岩。罗晨皓等[26]发现附近的姚安老街金矿和铅矿等多金属矿床与出露的碱性岩浆岩具有密切关系,由此发现,姚安老街富碱斑岩区多金属矿床的开采可能是导致河流重金属富集的重要原因。河流流经姚安县平坝农耕区和大姚县城区,还可能受到工农业废水污染导致重金属富集。
为了能较好地反映蜻蛉河底泥的重金属富集情况,考虑到流域的水文条件、采样点的可到达性以及样品的代表性等实际情况,在研究区共选取22个代表性断面布设底泥采样点(图1)。为了减少样品的随机误差产生的影响,每个采样点采集4~5个子样等量混合组成1件样品,采样深度为0~20 cm。将采集后的样品放于室内自然风干,过程中确保样品未受到污染,去掉杂草、砾石、动物残体等杂物,用玛瑙碾钵把样品磨碎,过100目尼龙筛后装入聚乙烯塑料瓶保存。
图1
图1
研究区位置(a)和底泥样点分布(b)
Fig.1
Study area location (a) and distribution of the sediment samples (b)
1.2 分析方法
本次研究所采集的底泥样品由昆明自然资源综合调查中心分析测试实验室进行分析测试。底泥重金属监测指标为8项(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn),其中As、Hg采用原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定,检出限分别为0.63×10-6和0.000 3×10-6; Cr采用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定,检出限为4×10-6;Cu、Cd、Pb采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定,检出限分别为0.46×10-6、0.03×10-6和1×10-6;Zn、Ni采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定,检出限分别为2×10-6和1×10-6。分析采用国家一级标准物质进行质量监控,每50件样品中密码插入4件国家一级标准物质,随机均匀插入各分析批次中与样品一起进行分析,计算单件监控样测定值与标准值之间的对数差,以控制分析的准确度;计算4件监控样测定值与标准值之间的平均对数差值,用以衡量批与批间的分析偏倚;计算4件监控样对数差的标准偏差,以衡量同批试样分析的精密度,并绘制日常监控图,确保样品测试质量。国家标准物质分析要求一次性原始合格率大于98%,准确度合格率要求大于98%,精密度合格率要求大于98%。分析过程中通过对检出限、精密度、准确度、重复性、异常点和报出率的检验及控制,确保了样品的质量控制与质量水平,并采用内检和外控相结合的方法,确保了样品数据的准确性和可靠性。
1.3 重金属污染评价方法
1.3.1 地累积指数法
Igeo=log2[Ci/(k×Bi)]。
表1 地累积指数评价指标
Table 1
| 等级 | Igeo值 | 污染程度 |
|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | ≤0 | 无污染 |
| Ⅱ | 0~1 | 轻微污染 |
| Ⅲ | 1~2 | 中度污染 |
| Ⅳ | 2~3 | 中度—重度污染 |
| Ⅴ | 3~4 | 重度污染 |
| Ⅵ | 4~5 | 重度—极度污染 |
| Ⅶ | >5 | 极度污染 |
1.3.2 内梅罗综合污染指数法
Pi=Ci/Si,
P综=
表2 综合污染指数评价指标
Table 2
| 等级 | P综值 | 污染程度 |
|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | ≤0.7 | 清洁 |
| Ⅱ | 0.7~1 | 尚清洁 |
| Ⅲ | 1~2 | 轻度污染 |
| Ⅳ | 2~3 | 中度污染 |
| Ⅴ | >3 | 重度污染 |
2 结果与分析
2.1 重金属含量特征
蜻蛉河22件底泥样品的重金属含量统计分析情况见表3,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn含量平均值分别为10.81×10-6、0.38×10-6、101.19×10-6、33.51×10-6、0.04×10-6、44.61×10-6、115.24×10-6、119.20×10-6,超过云南省土壤背景值[33]的样品比例分别为31.82%、50.00%、86.36%、18.18%、18.18%、68.18%、27.27%和54.55%,超过全国土壤背景值[33-34]的样品比例分别为54.55%、77.27%、100.00%、77.27%、22.73%、90.91%、40.91%和72.73%。可以看出,底泥样品的8种重金属元素中As、Cu超标幅度较小,Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn的超标幅度较大。从变异系数看,8种重金属的变异系数大小为:Pb>Cd>Hg>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Cr。
表3 底泥重金属元素含量分析统计
Table 3
| 项目 | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Hg | Ni | Pb | Zn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平均值/10-6 | 10.81 | 0.38 | 101.19 | 33.51 | 0.04 | 44.61 | 115.24 | 119.20 |
| 最小值/10-6 | 3.79 | 0.09 | 74.30 | 11.90 | 0.01 | 20.00 | 13.00 | 34.50 |
| 中位数/10-6 | 9.40 | 0.28 | 104.50 | 32.90 | 0.03 | 48.75 | 24.40 | 98.05 |
| 最大值/10-6 | 28.00 | 1.66 | 118.00 | 68.50 | 0.18 | 64.30 | 1003.00 | 493.00 |
| 标准偏差/10-6 | 6.29 | 0.36 | 11.16 | 13.83 | 0.04 | 12.28 | 246.67 | 99.20 |
| 变异系数 | 0.58 | 0.95 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.93 | 0.28 | 2.14 | 0.83 |
| 云南省土壤背景值/10-6 | 10.60 | 0.27 | 91.00 | 40.00 | 0.07 | 38.00 | 39.00 | 96.00 |
| 全国土壤背景值/10-6 | 9.10 | 0.15 | 63.00 | 23.00 | 0.05 | 26.00 | 25.00 | 67.00 |
2.2 重金属沿程分布特征
蜻蛉河底泥重金属含量的沿程分布特征如图2所示,从其沿程分布特征可以发现可能发生重金属污染的河段和分析重金属的可能来源。图中Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Cu表现出相似的分布特征,基本都在S1~S3段呈现出最大波峰,Pb、As的最高值出现在S2,Zn、Cd、Cu的最高值出现在S3,而S1~S3段在位置上与姚安县南部富碱斑岩区老街子Au-Pb-Ag多金属矿床相耦合,其富集可能与该区域矿业开采有关,而在S8、S18出现小幅度峰值,S8、S18为蜻蛉河分别经姚安县和大姚县流出的下游部位,这也表明其可能受到一定人类活动的影响。Hg与Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Cu表现出相似的分布特征,在S3、S8出现小幅度峰值,在S18出现最高值,表明其可能也受到了人类活动的影响。Cr、Ni与其他元素呈现了完全不同的分布特征,二者变化趋势相同,整体变化不大,分布较为均匀,表明二者受人类活动影响不大,可能主要来源为自然来源。
图2
图2
蜻蛉河底泥重金属沿程分布
Fig.2
Distribution of heavy metals in the sediments of Qingling river
3 讨论
3.1 重金属来源解析
3.1.1 相关性分析
表4 底泥重金属相关性分析
Table 4
| 元素 | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Hg | Ni | Pb | Zn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As | 1 | 0.710** | 0.310 | 0.808** | 0.621** | 0.562** | 0.817** | 0.727** |
| Cd | 1 | -0.045 | 0.839** | 0.572** | 0.406 | 0.825** | 0.940** | |
| Cr | 1 | 0.283 | 0.228 | 0.730** | 0.073 | 0.155 | ||
| Cu | 1 | 0.617** | 0.615** | 0.840** | 0.852** | |||
| Hg | 1 | 0.387 | 0.500* | 0.541** | ||||
| Ni | 1 | 0.406 | 0.574** | |||||
| Pb | 1 | 0.828** | ||||||
| Zn | 1 |
注:“*”表示P<0.05,“**”表示P<0.01。
3.1.2 主成分分析
表5 底泥重金属含量的主成分分析
Table 5
| 重金属元素 | 主成分 | 变量共同度 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | F2 | ||
| As | 0.890 | 0.019 | 0.792 |
| Cd | 0.885 | -0.371 | 0.921 |
| Cr | 0.329 | 0.911 | 0.938 |
| Cu | 0.945 | -0.033 | 0.894 |
| Hg | 0.702 | 0.009 | 0.493 |
| Ni | 0.682 | 0.634 | 0.868 |
| Pb | 0.881 | -0.273 | 0.851 |
| Zn | 0.922 | -0.168 | 0.878 |
| 初始特征值 | 5.161 | 1.475 | |
| 方差贡献率/% | 64.507 | 18.432 | |
| 累积方差贡献率/% | 64.507 | 82.939 | |
图3
图3
底泥重金属主成分载荷
Fig.3
Principal component loading of heavy metals in the sediments
第一主成分(F1)贡献率(64.507%)远高于第二主成分,除Cr载荷较低外,其余重金属元素载荷均较高,As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的载荷分别为0.890、0.885、0.945、0.702、0.682、0.881、0.922。7个元素除Ni的变异系数为中度变异外,As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn均为高度变异,As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn之间表现出显著的正相关关系,Ni与As、Cu、Zn表现出显著的正相关性,变化趋势相似,而从底泥的沿程分布特征情况来看,Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Cu和Hg表现出相似的分布特征,这些特征可能共同指向人类活动这一影响因素。有研究发现,矿山开采会显著增加周边土壤中的Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、As、Ni[38],周艳等[39]的研究中发现,铅锌矿开采、选冶等生产活动所产生的废水、废渣等是周边土壤中As、Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn的主要来源。而这些积累在土壤中的重金属元素又会随着地表径流等方式进入河流和底泥中,所以其高值段在老街子Au-Pb-Ag多金属矿区出现可能与矿业开采有关。这些元素高值段另外还集中在河流从姚安县、大姚县流出的下游采样点位置。有研究表明,土壤和底泥中的Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn不仅会受到矿业活动的影响,还会受到农业活动的影响。如王美等[40]的研究发现长期施用磷肥易造成耕地中Cd、Pb的富集,长期施用有机肥易造成Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的富集。Madrid等[41]的研究发现含Hg农药和化肥的使用会造成Hg的累积和污染。李旗等[42]的研究认为沉积物中Cd、Zn和Pb主要源于长期施用含有重金属的农药、化肥所造成的农业污染。研究区农业施肥主要以有机肥、复合肥和磷肥为主,少数区域存在农药过度使用的情况,所以这些高值段集中在县城下游位置可能与农业污染有关。还有研究表明,城郊农田土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的来源与工业生产关系密切[43]。这些重金属高值区位于蜻蛉河在县城下游的城乡结合区,存在着工业企业,其生产活动排放的污染物也是造成这些重金属累积的重要因素。因此,综合分析判断可知,F1受矿产开采、农业活动和工业活动的共同影响。
第二主成分(F2)方差贡献率为18.432%,载荷较高的重金属元素为Cr和Ni,分别为0.911和0.634,其余元素除As、Hg为较小正载荷,其他元素均为负荷载。蜻蛉河底泥中Cr和Ni具有显著正相关关系,表明二者具有相似来源。从变异系数上来看,Cr、Ni变异程度较低,表明二者受人类活动影响较小,可能主要受地质背景影响。有研究发现,蜻蛉河所流经的姚安县土壤中的Cr、Ni主要受自然因素影响,受控于成土母质和地质背景[25]。宁增平等[44]的研究发现水系沉积物中的Cr、Ni主要源自岩石自然风化。秦元礼等[45]的研究也发现滇中地区武定县土壤中Cr、Ni主要来源于成土母质。因此可知F2主要代表了重金属元素的自然来源。
3.2 蜻蛉河底泥重金属污染程度评价
3.2.1 地累积指数法
蜻蛉河底泥中8种重金属的地累积指数统计结果如表6所示。8种元素Igeo平均值排序为:Ni(-0.42)>Cr(-0.44)>Cd(-0.50)>Pb(-0.56)>Zn(-0.57)>As(-0.76)>Cu(-0.95)>Hg(-1.68)。从Igeo平均值来看, 8种元素均为无污染(Igeo<0)。从点上看,有81.82%采样点的As、100%采样点的Cr、90.91%采样点的Cu、90.91%采样点的Hg、90.91%采样点的Ni、81.82%采样点的Zn为无污染;除Cr外的7个元素有9.09%~18.18%的采样点为轻微污染; 4.55%采样点的Cd、Zn和9.09%采样点的Pb为中度污染;Cd有4.55%的采样点为中度—重度污染;Pd均有4.55%的采样点为重度—极度污染和极度污染。从不同采样点的地累积指数变化情况来看,大部分存在污染的点主要集中在老街子多金属矿区及河流经过县城的位置,这表明蜻蛉河流域的底泥中Zn、Pd、Cd可能在人类生产生活的影响下积累明显,存在流域局部的点状富集状况。
表6 底泥重金属地累积指数等级分布情况
Table 6
| 元素 | Igeo | 比例/% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变化范围 | 平均值 | Igeo<0 | 0<Igeo<1 | 1<Igeo<2 | 2<Igeo<3 | 3<Igeo<4 | 4<Igeo<5 | |
| As | -2.07~0.82 | -0.76 | 81.82 | 18.18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cd | -2.20~2.04 | -0.50 | 77.27 | 13.63 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 0 | 0 |
| Cr | -0.88~-0.21 | -0.44 | 100.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu | -2.33~0.19 | -0.95 | 90.91 | 9.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hg | -3.39~0.78 | -1.68 | 90.91 | 9.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ni | -1.51~0.17 | -0.42 | 90.91 | 9.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pb | -2.17~4.10 | -0.56 | 72.72 | 9.09 | 9.09 | 0 | 4.55 | 4.55 |
| Zn | -2.06~1.78 | -0.57 | 81.82 | 13.63 | 4.55 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3.2.2 内梅罗指数法
蜻蛉河底泥中8种重金属的单因子污染指数统计结果如表7所示。8种元素Pi平均值排序为:Pb(2.95)>Cd(1.41)>Zn(1.24)>Ni(1.17)> Cr(1.11)>As(1.02)>Cu(0.84)>Hg(0.63)。从各元素的Pi平均值来看,Pb为轻度污染(2<Pi≤3),As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn为潜在污染(1<Pi≤2),Cu、H为无污染(Pi≤1)。从点上看,81.82%采样点的Cr、68.18%采样点的Ni和40.91%采样点的Zn为潜在污染,远高于其他元素达到潜在污染的比例;As、Cd、Hg、Pd、Zn分别有9.09%、4.55%、4.55%、4.55%、9.09%的采样点为轻度污染;Cd、Pd、Zn分别有9.09%、18.18%、4.55%的采样点为重度污染。这表明底泥中Cd、Hg、Pd、Zn可能在人类生产生活的影响下明显积累,存在局部富集现象,而Cr、Ni虽然总体为潜在污染程度,但二者的Pi最高值均未超过2,Cr分别有18.18%、81.82%的采样点处于无污染和潜在污染区间,Ni分别有36.36%、63.64%的采样点处于无污染和潜在污染区间,这可能和流域在区域上Cr、Ni两种元素的背景值较高有关。
表7 底泥重金属单因子污染指数等级分布情况
Table 7
| 元素 | Pi | 比例/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变化范围 | 平均值 | Pi≤1 | 1<Pi≤2 | 2<Pi≤3 | Pi>3 | |
| As | 0.36~2.64 | 1.02 | 68.18 | 22.73 | 9.09 | 0 |
| Cd | 0.33~6.15 | 1.41 | 50.00 | 36.36 | 4.55 | 9.09 |
| Cr | 0.82~1.30 | 1.11 | 18.18 | 81.82 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu | 0.30~1.71 | 0.84 | 81.82 | 18.18 | 0 | 0 |
| Hg | 0.14~2.57 | 0.63 | 81.82 | 13.63 | 4.55 | 0 |
| Ni | 0.53~1.69 | 1.17 | 31.82 | 68.18 | 0 | 0 |
| Pb | 0.33~25.72 | 2.95 | 72.72 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 18.18 |
| Zn | 0.36~5.14 | 1.24 | 45.45 | 40.91 | 9.09 | 4.55 |
通过表8可以看出,蜻蛉河底泥中8种重金属的内梅罗综合污染指数变化范围为0.74~18.54,平均值为2.75,总体处于中度污染程度。从点上看,流域没有一个采样点为清洁程度,只有22.73%的采样点为尚清洁,而达到轻度污染的比例为45.45%,分别有18.18%和13.64%的采样点为中度污染和重度污染。一半多的样点达到轻度污染程度及以上,这可能因为在区域上Cr、Ni两种元素的背景值较高,从而提高了重金属含量极值对结果权重的影响。而大部分存在中度和重度污染的点分布在流域南部老街子多金属矿区及其下游附近河道,这可能与矿区开采有关;而少部分存在中度污染的点分布在流域经过县城的位置,可能受到人类生活和工农业排污的影响。
表8 底泥重金属内梅罗综合污染指数等级分布情况
Table 8
| 内梅罗综合 污染指数 | P综 | 比例/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变化范围 | 平均值 | P综≤0.7 | 0.7<P综≤1 | 1<P综≤2 | 2<P综≤3 | P综>3 | |
| 0.74~18.54 | 2.75 | 0 | 22.73 | 45.45 | 18.18 | 13.64 | |
4 结论
1)蜻蛉河底泥样品的重金属含量平均值超过云南省土壤背景值的样品比例分别为9.09%、54.55%、100%、9.09%、18.18%、63.64%、27.27%和68.18%,超过全国土壤背景值的样品比例分别为31.82%、90.91%、100.00%、86.36%、18.18%、90.91%、40.91%和72.73%。As、Cu超标幅度较小,Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn的超标幅度较大。8种重金属元素的变异系数大小为:Pb>Cd>Hg>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Cr。Cr为轻度变异,Ni为中度变异,其余元素均为高度变异,总体上蜻蛉河流域底泥重金属的空间变异性以高度变异为主。蜻蛉河底泥重金属含量的沿程分布特征显示,Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Cu表现出相似的分布特征,其两个高值段分别集中在老街子Au-Pb-Ag多金属矿区和蜻蛉河经县城流出的下游区域;Cr、Ni也表现出相似的分布特征,二者变化趋势相同,整体变化不大,分布较为均匀。
2)应用相关性分析和主成分分析的方法探讨了蜻蛉河底泥重金属的来源,分别为矿产开采、农业活动和工业活动的复合污染源和自然来源。As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn主要受矿产开采、农业活动和工业活动的共同影响,Cr、Ni主要来源于成土母质,而Ni除了自然来源外,还受到了人为来源的影响。
3)运用地累积指数法、内梅罗指数法对蜻蛉河底泥的重金属污染程度的评价结果表明,8种重金属元素的平均污染程度不高,但存在部分元素在流域局部的污染富集,主要集中在老街子Au-Pb-Ag多金属矿区和县城下游的城乡结合区,代表元素为Cd、Hg、Pd和Zn。
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Several metals in urban soils of Seville were extracted by two methods, which respectively give estimates of the available and 'quasi total' contents. Although the soils did not show strong heterogeneity in their general properties, high dispersion of the contents in those metals with greater relative availability, Cu, Pb and Zn, as compared to others suggested that pollution with these three metals could occur in some sampling sites. It was shown that the contents in these metals tend to increase as the historic quarters of the city are approached. Using reference values given by the Quebec Ministry of Environment it was shown that those green areas closer to the historic centre present contents in Pb, Zn and particularly Cu that often exceed the acceptable limits for residential, recreational and institutional sites. From background contents for Seville soils estimated from a park located on the outskirts, a pollution load index (PLI) for each sampling site was calculated for the set of these three metals. It was shown that the PLI tends to increase as traffic density increases and as distance from main traffic decreases, but poor regressions were obtained, suggesting that other variables different from traffic should be considered.
漓江上游青狮潭灌区干支渠沉积物重金属分布规律及来源解析
[J].为了揭示漓江上游农业区域灌渠重金属含量及其分布规律，通过选取青狮潭水库西干渠及其支渠为研究对象，测定了干支渠表层沉积物（0~5 cm）的重金属含量，分析沉积物重金属的分布特征和污染现状，进行潜在生态风险评价，利用pearson相关性分析与正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）分析重金属来源。结果表明，沉积物重金属含量在水稻生长的灌溉季节（平水期）和非灌溉季节（枯水期）平均值大小顺序均为Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Hg，干渠和支渠之间，灌溉季节和非灌溉季节之间沉积物重金属含量差异显著。灌渠沉积物的重金属潜在生态风险等级为强，Cd与Hg是主要污染物，不同季节和干支渠直接的重金属潜在生态风险等级差异。干支渠沉积物重金属来源包括工业污染源、农业污染源与城市（城镇）污染源，其中，农业污染源占主导，贡献率为42.45%，工业污染源与城市（城镇）污染源贡献率分别为33.86%与23.69%。
Distribution and source analysis of heavy metals in sediments of qingshitan irrigation district in Lijiang River Basin
[J].In order to reveal the content and distribution of heavy metals in agricultural areas of the Lijiang River Basin， the west main canal and its tributaries of Qingshitan Irrigation District are selected as the research objects in this paper. The content of heavy metals in the surface sediments （0~5 cm） of the main and its tributaries is determined， and the distribution characteristics and pollution status of heavy metals in sediments are analyzed. The potential ecological risk assessment is carried out. The pearson correlation analysis and positive definite matrix factor decomposition （PMF） are used to analyze the sources of heavy metals. The results show that the average contents of heavy metals in sediments in irrigation season and non-irrigation season are Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>As>Cd>Hg， and the contents of heavy metals in sediments in main canals and tributaries， irrigation season and non-irrigation season are significantly different. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediments of irrigation canals is strong， Cd and Hg are the main pollutants， and the potential ecological risk levels of heavy metals in different seasons and direct tributaries are different. The sources of heavy metals in sediments of main and branch channels include industrial pollution sources， agricultural pollution sources and urban pollution sources. Among them， agricultural pollution sources accounts for 42.45%， industrial pollution sources and urban pollution sources accounts for 33.86% and 23.69%， respectively.
基于正定矩阵因子分析模型的城郊农田重金属污染源解析
[J].
Analysis of heavy metal pollution sources in suburban farmland based on positive definite matrix factor model
[J].
都柳江水系沉积物锑等重金属空间分布特征及生态风险
[J].
Spatial distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of antimony and selected heavy metals in sediments of Duliujiang river
[J].
