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物探与化探, 2024, 48(2): 411-427 doi: 10.11720/wtyht.2024.1304

方法研究·信息处理·仪器研制

分布式光纤声学传感系统在地球物理勘探领域内的研究进展

周绍钰,1, 包乾宗,1,2,3, 石卫4,5

1.长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,陕西 西安 710054

2.自然资源部 矿山地质灾害成灾机理与防控重点实验室,陕西 西安 710054

3.海洋油气勘探国家工程研究中心,陕西 西安 710054

4.陕西省城市地质与地下空间工程技术研究中心,陕西 西安 710068

5.陕西省水工环地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710068

Advances in research on the distributed optical fiber acoustic sensing system in the field of geophysical exploration

ZHOU Shao-Yu,1, BAO Qian-Zong,1,2,3, SHI Wei4,5

1. School of Geological Engineering and Surveying, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054,China

2.Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Mechanism and Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi’an 710054,China

3. National Engineering Research Center for Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Xi’an 710054,China

4. Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Xi’an 710068, China

5. Shaanxi Hydrogeolog Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center, Xi’an 710068, China

通讯作者: 包乾宗(1972-),男,副教授,主要从事地震波正演模拟、全波形反演、高铁地震学及工程地球物理等领域的教学与科研工作。Email:qzbao@chd.edu.cn

责任编辑: 沈效群

收稿日期: 2023-07-11   修回日期: 2023-12-1  

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划项目课题“黄土地质体/灾害体结构和物性参数大范围快速探测技术装备”(2022YFC3003402)
陕西省自然科学基金项目“高铁地震数据分析与应用”(2021JM-156)

Received: 2023-07-11   Revised: 2023-12-1  

作者简介 About authors

周绍钰(2000-),女,资源与环境专业硕士研究生。Email:429563289@qq.com

摘要

分布式声波传感(DAS)技术作为最先进的声场检测技术之一,能够对与光纤相互作用的环境振动和声场信息进行分布式、长距离、高精度的实时检测。DAS技术中的光纤勘探系统解决了常规检波器在复杂地质环境中成本高、布设难度大等问题。近年来,DAS技术得到了快速的发展,尤其在需要长期、大规模布设的监测应用场景中得到了迅速的发展,但其相关研究成果较为发散,系统性认识较少。为深入了解DAS技术在地球物理勘探领域内的研究进展,更好地开展后期研究,本文通过文献调研,对DAS技术自身的发展进程与其近期在地球物理勘探领域内取得的研究成果,按照油气、海洋和环境工程3个不同的应用场景进行系统的分类总结,着重关注DAS技术近年来在不同方向上的发展进程、数据处理方面的研究进展以及已经取得成果的相关文献;最后,对现阶段基于DAS采集系统的发展趋势和亟待解决的问题进行了概括,对未来DAS的发展前景进行了分析。

关键词： 分布式声波传感技术; 地球物理勘探; 文献调研; 成果总结

Abstract

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology, one of the most advanced sound field detection technologies, can achieve distributed, long-distance, and high-precision real-time detection of the ambient vibration and sound field information interacting with optical fiber. The optical fiber exploration system of the DAS technology solves the problems of high cost and deployment difficulty of conventional geophones in complex geological environments. In recent years, the DAS technology has experienced rapid development, especially in monitoring application scenarios that require long-term and large-scale deployment. However, its systematic understanding is insufficient due to divergent research results. To further understand the research advances of the DAS technology in geophysical exploration for more effective subsequent research, this study systematically classified and summarized the development history of the DAS technology and its recent research results in geophysical exploration based on the oil and gas, marine, and environmental engineering application scenarios through literature research. This study focused on the development process of the DAS technology in different directions, the research advances in data processing, and relevant literature with specific results. Finally, this study generalized the development trend and urgent problems of the DAS acquisition system, analyzing the DAS development prospect.

Keywords： distributed acoustic sensing technology; geophysical exploration; literature research; result summary

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本文引用格式

周绍钰, 包乾宗, 石卫. 分布式光纤声学传感系统在地球物理勘探领域内的研究进展[J]. 物探与化探, 2024, 48(2): 411-427 doi:10.11720/wtyht.2024.1304

ZHOU Shao-Yu, BAO Qian-Zong, SHI Wei. Advances in research on the distributed optical fiber acoustic sensing system in the field of geophysical exploration[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2024, 48(2): 411-427 doi:10.11720/wtyht.2024.1304

0 引言

分布式声波传感(distributed acoustic sensing,DAS)技术引入我国以来发展十分迅速,与之配套的光纤系统也因为低廉与便捷的优势,让各学科的学者将这种全新的数据采集方式应用在多种不同条件的环境中。在近期发表的相关文献中,利用中国本土的测量数据进行处理和解释文章的出现,证实了DAS技术正在地球物理领域中蓬勃发展。目前DAS技术配合光纤系统的勘探方法不仅被利用于收集自然条件下的地质数据,还因为能够测量人类活动创造的各种建筑体内部的相关结构的特点,被应用于多种需要测量结构和采集数据的场景中,采集环境包括但不限于山区、河床、隧道、坝体、桥梁等情景。

DAS技术在地球物理勘探领域的应用呈现出了广阔的前景。本研究旨在探讨当前DAS在地球物理勘探领域包括油气地球物理、海洋地球物理和环境工程地球物理等方面的应用和研究进展,通过综合分析相关文献,评估DAS在不同工作条件下的优势和局限性;同时,进一步在物探方法、智慧平台、环境安全等方面探讨DAS在地球物理勘探领域的未来发展方向,为未来的相关研究提供建议和参考。

1 文献检索分析

通过对已发表文章的检索、总结并分析,能够有效帮助我们了解一个学科的发展重点、发展方向及发展目标。本文所得文献来源为:以关键词“分布式光纤声波传感”在中国知网内检索中文文献,以关键词“distributed optical fiber acoustic sensing”在Web of Science网站检索文献。同时,利用Web of Science和中国知网提供的相关数据,对截至2023年5月30日两个文献数据库所收录的DAS相关文章的相关信息进行分析,主要对比主题包括:发表年份趋势(发表年份截至2022年)(图1)、相关文献的学者国籍(图2)、DAS文献类型(图3)和研究方向(图4)。

图1

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图1   发表年份趋势

Fig.1   Trend of publication year


图2

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图2   国家或地区发表的文献数量(数据来源:Web of Science)

Fig.2   Number of publications by country or region (data from: Web of Science)


图3

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图3   主要文献类型及同类型文献数量对比

Fig.3   Comparison of the main literature types and the number of the same types


图4

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图4   研究方向与文献数量对比

Fig.4   Comparison of research direction and literature quantity


图1对比了Web of Science与中国知网两个文献数据库自1998年以来的文献发表数量。在Web of Science的数据中,DAS的相关文献的发表数量在逐年增长,并且在2019年有明显的增加,2022年和2023年发表的文献总数更是比之前所有文章的总数都多;在中国知网的数据中,DAS的相关中文文献自2011年开始稳步增长,自2019年起数量快速增长,2020年虽然有所减少,但发表数量仍多于学科发展前期。上述情况表明,DAS技术近年来受到的关注越来越多,我国对DAS技术的研究虽然起步与世界范围内相比较晚,但近年来取得了极大的进展,相关文献的数量也在稳步提升。DAS技术在新背景下的地质学中有极高的发展潜力和蓬勃的发展前景,能够面向国家“三深一系统”国家战略[1],为未来地球物理的发展提供更高效的勘探方法。

图2是由Web of Science所统计的关于DAS主题所发表文章的国家或地区及其发表的文献数量,图中数据仅使用了自2013年起至今发表文献数量大于5篇的记录。中国与美国发表的文献数量最多,其中收录的中国学者所发表的文献达到了343篇,说明近年来DAS在我国的发展较为迅速,我国学者也积极将DAS这一方法应用在各个学科中,并取得了一定的成果。

Web of Science提供了更多的文献类型,但中国知网目前只有论文、会议论文和综述论文3种,因此图3展示的是两个网站中与DAS技术相关的主要文献类型及同一类型文献的数量对比。根据两个网站所提供的数据能够明显发现:首先,与DAS技术相关的中文论文明显少于国际相关论文,这一方面是由于国内引入DAS技术和开展DAS技术研究的时间较晚,另一方面是因为目前相关学科的理论研究尚不完善,不足以支撑DAS技术的大规模、多学科应用;其次,综述论文较另外两种文献类型在数量上更少,这种情况在国内与国际范围内都相同,国内与国外在综述文献方面相差多于10倍。造成这种情况的原因可能是DAS技术虽然被应用于多种场景,但各个学者只根据自己的需要对获得的数据进行特定处理,在其熟悉的领域进行应用。DAS技术发展迅速,如果缺乏整体系统的认识,将会对后期的发展造成一定的影响。

图4展示了国内外DAS在各个研究方向中的文献数量。Web of Science网站收录的相关研究方向有38种,而中国知网收录的相关研究方向目前只有13种。图中只展示了部分研究方向的文献数量。从数据来看,DAS技术在国内的研究方向远少于国外,大概率是由于国内引入DAS技术的时间较晚,应用尚不成熟造成的;从文献数量来看,国内自动化技术方向的文献较多,国外工程方向的文献较多,不难看出国内在DAS技术方面更趋向于数据处理,而国外更趋向于实际应用。由于Web of Science将地球化学和地球物理的相关文献归为了一类,而中国知网中有地球物理类别但没有地球化学类别,因此不能进行同学科论文数量对比。

分别从Web of Science和知网两个数据库下载文献导入Citespace软件进行可视化分析。由于软件能够处理的数据量有限,在对数据统计时使用了Web of Science数据库中2017~2023年的全部文献,在中国知网数据库中则使用了2013~2023年的全部文献。经过软件处理后,使用聚类功能对近期“分布式光纤声波传感”方向的文章关键词进行统计(图5~图8)。

图5

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图5   数据库文献聚类图谱(数据来源:Web of Science)

Fig.5   Database literature clustering map (data from: Web of Science)


图6

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图6   数据库文献时间图谱(数据来源:Web of Science)

Fig.6   Database document time map (data from: Web of Science)


图7

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图7   数据库文献时间图谱(数据来源:中国知网)

Fig.7   Database document time map (data from: CNKI)


图8

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图8   数据库文献聚类图谱(数据来源:中国知网)

Fig.8   Database Literature Clustering Map (data from: CNKI)


从图5和图6可知,在Web of Science数据库中“分布式光纤声波传感”主要围绕降噪、瑞利后向散射、波传播、相敏光学时域反射仪、光学时域反射仪、布里渊散射等15个主题展开。其中作为主要方法的“分布式声传感”和主要理论的“瑞利后向散射”成为关键词聚类中出现次数较多的关键词,在2017年左右发表的文献较多。次要理论“波传播”和主要仪器“相敏光学时域反射计”出现次数较多。由于分布式光纤声波传感的数据量大、噪声多等问题,数据处理中的“降噪”处理作为关键词出现频率最多,是目前国内外关于DAS技术研究的热点问题。

从图7和图8可知,在中国知网数据库中“分布式光纤声波传感”主要围绕管道监测、光纤传感、分布式光纤传感、光纤声波传感、光纤光学、模式识别等12个主题展开。其中,DAS技术的光纤系统应用领域“管道监测”和方法“光纤传感”两种作为关键词出现次数最多,但两者多数文章出现的时间点相差较大,在以“光纤传感”作为关键词的大量文献出现后,以“光纤光学”和“光纤声波传感”为关键词的文章数量也出现了明显增加的情况。

相较于Web of Science数据库中的内容,中国知网的内容明显较少,但近年来的数量较多,这也侧面验证了虽然国内引入分布式声学传感技术的时间晚,但呈现出快速发展的特点。

综上所述,DAS技术不仅发展空间大,研究方向多,而且近年来发展速度快,应用范围广。在引入时间较晚的背景下,DAS技术在国内进展快,已经被应用于多个领域,出现了多个研究方向的成果。由于目前的研究成果较为发散,缺乏较为系统的认识,因此,对DAS技术方面的发展概况进行总结,综合各个发展方向撰写相关综述文献是十分必要的。

2 光纤声学传感系统的原理和技术发展

2.1 技术简介

DAS技术作为最先进的声场检测技术之一,其中的光纤勘探系统工作原理主要是基于光纤对声音或振动敏感的特性,对与光纤相互作用的环境振动与声场信息进行分布式、长距离、高精度的实时检测[2⇓-4]。正因为光纤材料具有抗电磁干扰、体积小、复用性高且价格低廉的特殊性,因此DAS检波器在地震勘探工作中可以进行长期、大规模的布设,并进行长时间、多次数的测量,从根源上解决了常规仪器成本高、布设难度大等问题。相比于常规检波器,DAS检波器更适合开展地震勘测工作[5]。而布设在光缆上的检波器无需在测量后期移动,测量结束后也不需要逐个回收,使勘探效率大幅提高,对开展高效的井中地震勘探工作有极大的助益[6-7]。在地震勘探的分布式光纤传感系统中,不同井段的缆线可以通过桥接的方式进行连接,从而实现测区测井的全井覆盖,十分适用于测量区域大或深井及超深井地震勘探工作;DAS检波器间距能够灵活调整,通过选择较小的采样间距获取具有较高空间分辨率的地震信息,减小空间假频对勘探数据的影响[8]。

目前,DAS技术已经成为了世界范围内采集方法的研究热点,相关配套设施也逐渐趋于成熟,能够用于补充或代替传统检波器阵列进行地震勘探工作,以获取质量更好的钻孔地震数据;同时,DAS技术配套的光纤系统的便捷性使得该方法能够应用于更多地质工作场景。DAS技术具有广阔的发展前景。

2.2 基本原理

分布式光纤传感器是地震监测传感器中光纤传感技术的一个分支,与其同类别的传感器还有点式传感器、准分布式传感器两种(图9)。

图9

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图9   三种传感器原理示意[9]

Fig.9   Schematic diagram of three sensors[9]


点式传感器的技术原理是通过识别某点的干涉效应的改变来探测信号[10]。准分布式传感器是以点式传感器为基础,实现多点同时探测[11]。分布式传感器与前述两种完全不同,在DAS中,其整根光纤都可以作为传感器件,通过在任意点监测信号来实现对参数的整体感知和光路测量[12]。

DAS技术中的光纤勘探系统以光纤的弹光效应[13]为基本原理,是一种可以实现振动和声场连续分布式探测的新型传感技术[14]。光纤介质的介电常数或光折射率因介质中应力波的存在发生改变,从而影响光在介质中的传播特性,而介质存在的不均匀性会导致光通过介质时向各个方向散射[15]。基于DAS技术的光纤勘探系统可以通过检测激光脉冲在光纤中散射引起的相位变化来测量光纤的轴向应变。系统主要由两方面构成:光纤(即传输介质)和地表仪器(即发射脉冲与探测瑞利散射信号的仪器),其中每一小段光纤都相当于一个单分量应变仪。该系统的工作原理是:通过在特定的路径上铺设光纤,地表仪器系统与光纤相连;对主动源模拟或被动源产生的地震波进行探测,光纤接收振动信号并将信号反传回地表仪器;地表仪器分析振动信号并将其转换为地震信号,以便于进行后期数据解释[9]。

目前,主流DAS相关仪器的原理是结合相干瑞利散射对应变化高度敏感的特性(窄线宽单频激光在光纤中激发产生)与反射计原理,对与光纤相互作用的环境振动与声场信息进行长距离、高时空精度的感知[14]。

2.3 技术发展

随着近年来DAS在各个地球物理应用领域的发展已逐步成熟,对于DAS本身的发展历程,以及DAS成像、仪器布设、数据处理等方面也有了一定的研究。同时,相关学者将与DAS类似的分布式光纤温度传感技术(DTS)[16]和光纤布拉格光栅技术(FBG)[17]进行了对比分析,并利用不同技术的各自优势,在实际地质应用中进行了优势互补。

在DAS技术的发展方面,蔡海文等[18]对DAS技术的4个发展阶段及应用研究进行了回顾和评述,总结了DAS技术目前的一些成果。王子恒等[19]详细说明了DAS系统的具体测量原理以及实际监测性能的技术参数,精确、稳定地重建了外界扰动模型,并认为声信号的频谱多样性角度能够反映目标体丰富的特征信息,为DAS系统应用于工程检测提供了理论依据和实践方法。

在DAS数据处理方面,时旸[20]提出了基于低秩矩阵近似(ILMA)和基于张量鲁棒主成分分析(T-RPCA)两种DAS数据降噪方法。ILMA算法能够有效压制噪声,T-RPCA算法能得到预期目标;但ILMA算法中的秩是一固定的常量,目前没有实现自适应选择合适大小的秩进行处理,T-RPCA算法由于DAS数据计算量本身较大等问题,计算效率较低,需要进一步改进。邢桐[21]提出了一种多尺度渐进融合算法(MFPF),MFPF在去噪性能、信号泄露、定量分析等多个层面都有更出色的表现。虽然上述算法基于的理论各有不同,但主要目标都是为了解决DAS数据的高噪声问题,而上述去噪方法也为DAS数据处理提供了新的研究思路和去噪方式,深度学习在去噪中的应用有望成为DAS大数据量特点的又一解决方式。

2020年,中国科学院、中国科学技术大学、中国地震局等多家单位在白家疃北京国家地球观象台进行了DAS观测实验。实验中首次使用DAS设备,验证其在浅层结构研究中的可行性以及应用效果[22]。在此之后,结合地震背景噪声成像技术,实现大范围、高横向分辨率的浅层速度结构成像[23];雷宇航等[24]利用实验数据自主推导得到的适用于DAS系统地震记录提取多模式面波频散曲线的MF-J变换公式,反演构建了实验区高分辨高精度速度结构剖面。

为了深入探讨DAS技术的优势,将DAS系统与其他同类型仪器进行了对比,例如与DAS同属分布式光纤系统DTS的对比[16]和与同为光纤传输FBG的对比[17]。通过对具有一定相关性的多种方法进行对比,DAS的优势较为明显,但同时DTS和FBG也有着DAS所不能替代的优点。在油气生产方面的发展趋势更倾向于将井间微地震监测、DAS、DTS这3种监测方式结合,实现优势互补,以达到单个监测方式所不能及的效果。在目前以“双碳”为目标的发展大背景下,DAS在未来可以广泛应用于碳捕捉、利用与封存方面,而DAS这种能够进行长时间、长距离、实时监测的监测方法也同样适用于地热、科学钻探井等领域。

DAS所用光缆的布设方式和震源信号类型的选择对DAS监测数据具有一定的影响。林融冰等[25]通过模拟水泥胶结、路面摆放、架空3种实际情况中的光缆布设方式进行主、被动源信号对分布式声波传感器的观测对比实验,结果表明,在相同叠加时长的前提下,水泥胶结光缆的噪声互相关函数信噪比在3种布设方式中最高。为了推广DAS在工程实践中的应用,尹教建等[26]将利用Simulink软件开发的DAS系统仿真实验平台投入学科教育,基于开发的仿真实验,多次利用不同参数进行模拟,能够总结最适合于固定场景的监测方案,为DAS系统的参数优化与仪器选型提供一定的理论支持。

3 DAS在油气地球物理中的应用

DAS技术最早应用于油气地球物理中,在经过与常规检波器对比并验证了其可行后,立刻投入了生产。而DAS技术所带来的施工优势和数据优势也为油气地球物理勘探工作做出了贡献。

3.1 垂直地震剖面法中的应用

垂直地震剖面(VSP)技术是一种地表震源激发,在沿井孔不同深度布置的一些检波点上进行观测的地震观测方法[27]。由于VSP数据具有包含信息丰富、波结构特征清晰明显的优点,被广泛应用于全波勘探领域。但复杂的地震勘探目标预示着常规仪器的布设难度,DAS检波器更适合开展井中VSP地震勘测工作。

2011年,Silixa公司进行了井下DAS实验[28],后期多家机构在VSP测井中进行了井下监测[29]、多井联采实验、海底VSP测试等众多尝试[30]。Mateeva等[31]讨论了井下VSP光缆的布设问题;Sidenko等[32]开展了使用合成VSP数据集进行干涉成像的可行性研究。国内应用于VSP测井中的商用DAS技术正在逐渐成熟[33],利用一种新的有效噪声消除算法,克服了由于电缆拍打和沿钻孔套管振铃而产生的强相干噪声所带来的挑战,并获得了具有更高的垂直分辨率和横向分辨率以及更详细结构的图像(图10)。

图10

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图10   地表地震剖面(左)和DAS Walkaway VSP图像沿Walkaway VSP测量线插入地表地震剖面(右)[33]

Fig.10   Surface seismic profile (left) and DAS Walkaway VSP image inserted along Walkaway VSP survey line (right)[33]


多位学者根据实际工作中可能会遇到的问题进行了研究。从确定检波器能够放置于井内理论深度并正常工作的实验[34],到满足理论深度后确定检波器的具体位置[35],以及采集数据后针对大数据量中存在的大量噪声进行去除并准确成像[36]等方面都有了一定的研究。

DAS-VSP技术作为新技术与旧方法的融合,目前已经得到了可观的成果,尤其是该方法在目前的热点问题——碳封存(CCUS)中的应用及相关成果十分显著。不难预测,与热点问题联系后的DAS技术一定能在短时间内获得广泛关注。

3.2 油藏监测中的应用

DAS技术由于成本低、空间分辨率高的特点,在油气地球物理领域的应用日益广泛。在已有光纤的井中地震中,利用DAS技术进行采集的方式被越来越多的学者采纳[37]。通过对已有的油气生产井进行多参数、长期、实时、无干扰的动态监测,根据动态监测结果及时优化调整开发方案,最大限度提高油气采收率、降低生产作业成本,是目前提高油气田采收率的主要思路[13]。

众多学者在世界各地的油气井中进行了DAS技术的相关实验,并验证了DAS技术用于井中监测的可行性。Johannessen等[38]在挪威大陆架7口海上油气井DAS技术的相关实验中获得了有效井筒流体流动的光纤信号;van der Horst等[39]在位于北美非常规气田中的致密砂岩气水平井进行了基于DAS技术的动态监测;Carpenter等[40]在文莱注采井井筒进行了基于DAS技术实时流动状态监测的应用;Liang等[41]在四川盆地南部A井进行了DAS技术产气剖面测井解释与评价。

马小明等[42]在四川长宁实验区(页岩气开发井)中利用DAS+DTS技术进行了测试,发现DAS技术相较于传统测井技术,具有抗电磁干扰、传输信息量大、灵敏度高、可长时间测试和对测试层位无干扰等特点,而光纤系统在静止的状态下记录井下每个射孔簇在不同的时间段所发生的任何产出变化,且静止式测量法的数据更真实、可信。通过对比加砂量与每段产气量发现,产气量较好的射孔层段压裂加砂量也相对较高,整体大致呈正比关系,进一步印证了加砂量对于地层压裂改造具有正向作用关系(图11)。

图11

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图11   加砂量与每段产气量的对比[42]

Fig.11   Comparison of sand addition and gas production in each section[42]


李彦鹏等[43]对长庆油田珠60井的套管外DAS-VSP井地联采数据的采集质量和处理结果的影响进行了系统分析;江同文等[44]通过对塔里木盆地克拉2气田的一口观察井的长期监测,发现DAS传感器有效探测距离的长短与微地震能量的强弱存在一定的联系;倪家升等[45]在山东东营某油田设计并进行了石油地面物探试验。上述研究为利用光纤传感器技术进行石油地球物理勘探提供了新的方向,对后期DAS系统在油气田的监测工作有一定的示范作用。

基于DAS的管道泄漏检测技术因其具有光纤沿线动态应变的分布式定量检测特性,已成为管道泄漏安全预警领域中最具潜力的检测方案。多位学者利用DAS技术研发了不同功能的预警系统。例如:基于光时域反射仪(OTDR)针对埋地油气管道的安全监测系统[46];基于Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪的油气管道安全分布式光纤预警系统[47];基于布里渊光时域分析仪(BOTDA)设备的管道监测系统[48]和基于DAS传感器的油气管道监测系统[49]。

Peng等[50]基于神经网络的机器学习算法验证了DAS系统在管道外部入侵和内部腐蚀的监测可行性;Jiang等[51]以铺设两条对称光缆的方式,实现了对入侵破坏事件的定位;Li等[52]根据不同速度的流体对管壁撞击力度不同的原理,实现了管道流速的分布式测量,且测量结果和真实结果具有非常好的一致性。

油气管线泄漏在油气地球物理方面是一个不容忽视的问题,解决办法之一是在管线附近进行长期实时监测。王子恒等[53]根据实际参数对比,提出DAS系统比传统方法监测更具有时效性与准确性,推动了DAS技术在管道监测中的发展。基于DAS系统的监测系统近年来发展迅速,出现了利用HiFi-DAS系统的管道安全监测技术[54]、利用深度学习结合DAS技术的监测方法[50]、DAS与管道流固耦合效应相结合的监测方案[55]、基于高性能DAS传感器的泄漏监控系统[56]、基于DAS设备的管道沿线侵入事件监测[57]等多种油气管线泄露监测方法。

油气地球物理方面的研究主要集中在地下油藏勘探与油气运输管道监测两个方面,其中油气管道监测方面的文章较多,推测是由于已经建成的油气管道较多较长,且传统检波器不能满足长期有效监测油气管道的要求,而DAS系统的高覆盖率与便携性解决了这一难题;同时DAS系统所使用的光纤材料在实际工程作业中的成本更低,也让DAS系统在长期监测油气管道这一工作中得到了广泛推广。

3.3 矿产资源勘探中的应用

常规勘探技术在效率低下的同时还受极端环境的限制,无法满足勘探需求,而DAS技术因其传感距离大、时空分辨率高和适应复杂环境的特性更加适合于进行地面探测和井内探测,为矿产资源勘探技术提供了新的思路。

在对采煤过程的研究中,不少学者利用DAS技术取得了一定的进展:Chai等[58]利用分布式光纤监测技术记录了地表应变;王昌等[59]设计了用于油气地震波勘探开发的DAS监测系统;Wamriew等[60]提出了一种新的深度学习方法来处理大量DAS数据,并成功获得高精度速度模型(图12);刘辉等[61]提出了基于DAS背景噪声全波形反演方法。

图12

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图12   利用神经网络估计的FORGE速度模型[60]

Fig.12   Velocity model of FORGE estimated by the neural network[60]


在地下油藏勘探方面,目前以验证可行性的研究为主,其中对DAS系统测量得到的数据中的相关参数与数据处理方面的研究较多。通过对DAS数据与传统检波器测量得到的数据进行对比,在验证DAS系统在油气领域可行性的同时,可利用DAS数据完善已有的数据材料,为同一地点的后期工作打下较好基础,同时也为将来的发展提供方向。

4 DAS在海洋地球物理中的应用

海洋地球物理是人们开发利用海洋活动的方法之一,其中包括的工程问题主要有海洋工程环境勘查、监测和评价,海底地震、浅层气和不稳定性致灾的检测和评价,海洋环境考古调查以及军事海洋学应用等[62]。近年来,随着电子、材料和计算机科学等应用学科的发展,海洋地球物理探测技术取得了长足的进步,而相关仪器的灵敏度和探测精度不断提高,让海洋地球物理探测技术在海洋工程中得到了新的应用,并取得了一些成果[63]。

陈同彦等[64]开发并研究了新型海底管道分布式光纤传感器的和安装工艺,成功在埕岛油田实现了分布式光纤传感器新建海底管道的布设。Matsumoto等[65]为了调查日本四国岛附近地震结构,利用OptaSense有限公司制造的远程DAS Plexus系统进行了一次舰载地震调查,图13展示了水听器OBS51(黑线)和DAS仪器(蓝线)在相同入射信号下的功率谱密度(PSD)。由于两种仪器所得信号的换算方式不同,左侧PSD轴表示水听器所接收到气枪震源与背景噪声的信号值,右侧PSD轴表示DAS仪器所接收到气枪震源与背景噪声的信号值,结果证明DAS仪器检测到的短持续时间和宽带水声信号具有与共定位水听器非常相似的特征。如果选择相应的海底电缆路线,DAS能够探测海底火山的水声信号,为海底火山的远程监测提供了可能。

图13

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图13   DAS测量和水听器相同信号的功率谱密度(PSD)与气枪射击之间的环境噪声的比较[65]

Fig.13   Power spectral densities (PSD) of the same signals of the DAS measurement and the hydrophone comparing with the ambient noise between the air-gun shots[65]


黄毓华等[66]将瑞利散射和布里渊散射的光时域反射(OTDR)技术应用于海底电缆温变、应变、扰动的高精度实时状态监测中,实现更为有效的对海缆的实时状态监测。宛立君等[67]利用分布式光纤声波传感技术DAS技术结合海底光缆和光电复合缆,获得了与实际场景一致的海面波浪声音信号。吴文婧等[68]提出了基于分布式光纤传感获得的海底管线分布式结构响应,从而获得海底管线横向屈曲的识别方法。

在海洋地球物理方面,目前国内将DAS系统用于相关研究的文章较少。根据海洋地球物理的特点,目前相关研究中使用分布式光纤系统中的DTS系统的学者较多。同时,为了分布式光纤这一优势较多的方法能够更加适应海洋环境,并顺利进行海洋地球物理的相关工作,有不少文章提出新的方法或研发新仪器。DAS系统在海洋地球物理中的应用主要集中在监测海底油气管道和海洋背景音,以及海底地质水声信号测定等方面。根据目前文献方向来看,后期可能会将DAS系统与DTS系统结合,应用在海底油气管道的长期监测方面;在DAS系统测定水声信号方面,未来有望将海底电缆用于DAS系统,并对海底火山等地质体进行远程监控。

5 DAS在环境工程地球物理中的应用

5.1 地质灾害监测

地质灾害是危害人民生命和财产安全的灾害之一。研究地质灾害监测并提前预警可能出现的危险,对保障人民群众安全具有重要意义。传统的地震监测方法工程周期大,所需成本高。DAS技术是一种通过测量光纤中后向散射光的相位变化,实现对光纤的动态应变检测,进而实现地震波场的记录的测量方法[69],有望解决目前地震检测中数据采集成本高、覆盖范围有限、不适合城市实施的问题[70]。

不少学者已经利用DAS技术进行了相关实验。2018年12月和2019年12月,Wang等[71]利用中国移动提供的标准单模光纤,在云南省宾川县城区进行了两次观测实验,成功验证了城市通信光缆用于地震预警和地下结构观测的可能性,为DAS研究和地震监测研究提供了新的方向。

Hudson等[72]提出了一种能够准确表征各向异性冰结构引起的横波劈裂的二维DAS阵列多分量传感器。Nayak等[73]证明DAS技术在局部和区域小地震事件检测方面具有显著的潜力。余双勇[74]基于DAS机理的地震检波器总体结构设计光电探测模块,选择光缆外部材料以及脉冲宽度,证明传统地震检波器与DAS平台单点探测输出信号相符,但DAS平台在微弱信号的探测上更为灵敏。Lyu等[75]提出了一种小样本集的DAS海量数据事件检测算法,就结果来看该方法检测出的地震事件数量明显多于CENC所检测到的地震数量(图14)。同时,该方法为DAS相关的海量数据事件监测提供了新的思路,但检测能力受信噪比限制,检测下限在2 dB左右。

图14

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图14   基于小样本集的DAS海量数据事件检测算例[75]

Fig.14   An example of DAS massive data event detection based on small sample set[75]


5.2 城市建设

分布式光纤声波传感系统(DAS)是一种以光纤电缆进行声波信号采集的新兴技术。光纤电缆价格低廉、可代替性高,更加适用于对城市建设过程中可能出现的公路裂隙、隧道坍塌、桥梁坍塌等问题的日常监测。而DAS具有可便捷调节标距的特点,能够通过在目标一侧布设长距离的光纤进行实时监测的同时,避免对关键位置的监测偏差, 大幅提升了工作效率。

在城市交通方面,DAS技术不仅被用于在铁路列车等传统运维场景中进行监测,在高速公路和机场等被忽视但同样有检测需求的城市交通场景也有所发展。在铁路列车的相关研究中,对DAS技术的应用也从实现列车运行的监测[76],到完成实时列车跟踪算法[77];从构建基于分布式光纤声传感的轨道列车检测系统[78],到近年来的采用分布式光纤传感器对铁路基础设施进行健康监测[79]。DAS技术已经在铁路列车的相关研究中做出了巨大贡献,在验证DAS技术的便捷可行之外,为DAS技术在各个监测行业的应用起到了示范作用。

DAS技术也被应用于其他城市交通场景的相关研究中。例如,类似于高铁监测的高速公路运行状况在线监测方案[80],对比分析互相关干涉法[81]﹑反褶积干涉法[82]和互相干干涉法[83]3种方法在DAS公路噪声记录处理中的效果[84],将DAS技术与人工智能结合的隧道加固钢环失效识别技术[85],将DAS技术用于沥青道面振动状态的实时感知系统[86]等。

除了交通监测方面,DAS技术还被应用于其他城市建筑的监测中。纪然然等[87]提出了基于光纤后向瑞利散射与相位敏感光时域反射技术(φ-OTDR)相结合的DAS技术的预应力钢筒混凝土管(PCCP)监测方法;燕东源等[88]设计了一种基于分布式光纤传感技术的边坡岩土体变形智能监测方法;冯红耀等[89]对比传统传感器与DAS技术光纤传感器的测量结果,验证了DAS技术在工程实践中的可行性。

在环境工程地球物理方面,DAS系统在地质灾害监测、矿产资源勘探和城市建设中都有一定的应用。其中在城市建设方面应用较多,推测原因可能是城市建设与人民生活息息相关,其中坝体、桥梁、隧道等大型人类活动工程建筑物如果不能及时维护或修缮,极有可能存在坍塌危险,因此对相关建筑物的定期监测或长期监测是必不可少的。同时,由于建筑物较地质灾害和矿产资源两种目标更为常见和稳定,通过对监测数据在时间和空间上的差异进行分析,能够获知目标体是否需要进一步完善,这一特点也使得这部分的研究广受相关学者的青睐。

6 DAS的发展前景

根据目前DAS在各个领域的发展,不难推断出DAS的发展将集中在以下几个方面。

1)对推动全新物探方法的产生起到关键作用。利用DAS灵活布设的特点,可实现同源、同波场、多井井—地立体勘探,通过对空间立体波场高密度观测,可实现对“双复杂”勘探目标高精度成像(图15)。尤其在油气勘探方面,通过利用三分量光纤,进行井中+地面全波场勘探,有望实现对地下储层骨架和流体的直接描述[90];同时,通过集成DAS、DTS和DSS三种不同的传感技术,将相互组合后获得分布式多路复用传感(DXS)系统或将成为勘探行业中的另一个发展趋势。集成DXS系统的一个优点是其成本低于单个传感系统的总和,同时它可以提供更多有用的信息,对同一位置的多维数据进行全面分析将提供关于热点的更深入的信息。

图15

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图15   DAS技术将提供全新物探方法

Fig.15   DAS technology will provide new geophysical methods


2)在智慧勘探平台的建设中发挥重要作用。光纤传感技术具备井中地震、压裂监测、产剖监测、智能注采监测等“动静结合”的优势,或将成为智慧勘探平台建设的必选项[13]。由于利用DAS技术获得和相关工作所需的数据量变得非常庞大,仅依靠该领域的专家提供完整和详细的分析并在整个过程中做出决策是不现实的。基于上述原因,使用先进的人工智能(AI)和机器学习方法,可以帮助减少数据大小并提取事件的有用数据,甚至可以代表专家做出决定,在一定程度上削减问题的难度(图16)。此外,考虑到勘探行业中许多不同的传感和测量系统当前和未来的应用,采用基于云的平台将是一个有前途的解决方案,可以解决安全可靠的数据传输、管理、存储、分析、可视化和下载问题。

图16

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图16   人工智能为DAS技术带来的改变

Fig.16   Changes to DAS technology brought about by artificial intelligence


3)在储气库监测和CCUS领域广泛应用。我国在CCUS技术链各环节已经具备一定的研发基础,在开发出多种具有自主知识产权的计算基础上,同时具备大规模全流程系统的设计能力,目前已取得不错的研究成果。但相比国际先进水平依然存在一定的差距,主要集中在以下三个方面:大规模碳运输和封存工程经验;二氧化碳驱油、地质封存等理论和核心技术;封存后的二氧化碳监测、预警等技术[91]。基于上述种种问题,可以利用目标位置或在目标位置布设对应光纤,利用DAS技术中永置式光纤优势,对储气库“储、盖、断”及井筒完整性进行精准监测,确保安全运维。通过多井布设光纤实现对碳捕获/碳封存的有效监测,为新能源业务发展提供有效评价手段(图17)。

图17

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图17   DAS技术在CCUS中的应用

Fig.17   Application of DAS technology in CCUS


4)DAS技术将在安全环境监测领域发挥重要作用。环境监测、大型军用与民用工程、航空航天、石油勘探等领域,对传感技术的探测灵敏度、空间分辨率、测量范围、耐腐蚀、耐高温等适应极端工作环境的能力提出了更高的要求,尤其在石油、天然气管道的温度监测以及隧道、高速公路的火灾监测与预警方面,都需要对周围环境进行实时、全分布式监测与分析。因此,对环境实时监测与分析显得尤为迫切[92]。uDAS©设备能够在一定程度上解决相关地区需要长时间、广地域、实时监测的需求。DAS技术将在轨道交通设施安全监测、海洋资源开采监测、土木工程设施监测、气体泄露应急监测、地质灾害环境监测、智能电网监测等方面广泛应用(图18)。

图18

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图18   DAS技术在环境安全监测领域的应用

Fig.18   Application of DAS technology in the field of environmental safety monitoring


7 结论

DAS技术凭借自身优势在地球物理领域中应用广泛。本文介绍了DAS技术的主要概念,对DAS技术在地球物理学中的应用进行了分类介绍,最后讨论了DAS技术的未来发展趋势。DAS技术已经在油气地球物理,海洋地球物理,环境与工程地球物理中有了重大突破,但目前技术还不够成熟,实际应用的事件识别率较低,与传统点传感器相比,在灵敏度等方面还有相当大的差距。

DAS技术在地球物理领域创造了更多可能的同时,也带来了更多的挑战。随着DAS技术在检测距离、灵敏度、多参数监测、多维监测等方面的突破,加上与深度学习、神经网络的结合,DAS技术的独特优势将在众多领域发挥重要作用。

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随着城市化的发展，城市地球物理日益成为地球物理研究的重要方向，地震成像是构建城市地下空间三维/四维图像的重要手段，但面临观测成本高的困难.近年来国际上新发展的分布式光纤声波传感器作为高密度地震观测系统已经在地震层析成像方面得到了应用，在提高成像分辨率的同时，又降低了观测成本.本研究使用国产分布式光纤声波传感器开展了观测实验，利用480 m埋地光缆记录了13 h背景噪声，计算得到噪声互相关函数，获得了高频Rayleigh面波信号.采用多道面波分析方法提取相速度频散曲线，其结果与传统检波器记录和主动源结果较为一致.采用遗传算法反演得到了研究区内二维S波速度剖面，获得了下方沉积物横向变化特征.通过本次实验，初步验证了国产设备开展地震背景噪声成像研究、构建地下浅层结构模型的可行性.

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3D VSP has long been viewed as conceptually attractive for illuminating targets under complex overburden, both for exploration purposes and for time-lapse monitoring of reservoirs. However, the widespread use of 3D VSP has been hindered by the cost and risk of deploying geophones in a borehole, and by the limited availability of accessible wells. These hurdles are largely removed when acquiring downhole seismic with a new measurement called distributed acoustic sensing (DAS).

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分布式光纤声波传感技术(DAS)是通过解调光信号背向瑞利散射相位变化表征地震信号的一种新型信号采集技术,其在井中采集具有一次性覆盖全井段和测量高密度的特点,施工效率和数据的一致性大幅提高,因此受到广泛关注。以光纤在井中地震的实际应用为例,讨论了影响DAS采集资料信噪比和分辨率的光信号解调因素和采集因素,提出了一种在无检波器定位情况下校正DAS深度位置的解决思路,利用时间方向求导和反演耦合干扰减去法提高了DAS-VSP采集资料的上行波信噪比和全波场高频成分。基于预处理后的高密度DAS-VSP数据,提取了层速度、各向异性参数用于深度域井控各向异性偏移,通过井控各向异性叠前深度偏移,使偏移成像频带拓宽约20Hz,主要目的层井震误差小于0.15%,展现了高密度DAS数据在井中地震中良好的应用前景。

Zhao F, Wu P, Wang Y, et al.

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[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 2022, 61(1):100-111.

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<p>Distributed optical-fiber acoustic sensing (DAS) is a new type of acquisition technology that uses backward Rayleigh scattering to demodulate the phase change of optical signals to characterize seismic signals.DAS is characterized by logging-scale density;as such,a single VSP acquisition can cover the entire distance from the surface wellhead to the end of the deployed fiber in the well.Because of its advantages,DAS has received widespread attention,leading to great improvements in construction efficiency and data consistency.In this work,a case in which DAS was applied for borehole acquisition is presented.The optical signal demodulation and acquisition factors that affect the SNR and resolution of the DAS data are discussed,and a method to calibrate DAS-VSP data without simultaneous geophone acquisition is developed.The SNR of the upward wave and the high frequency part of the full wave field can be improved by subtracting the inverse DAS coupling noises and estimating the time derivative.From the pre-processed high-density DAS-VSP data,the layer velocity and anisotropy parameters are extracted and used for well-controlled pre-stack anisotropic depth migration,which has broadened the frequency band by approximately 20Hz,and resulted in a borehole seismic error of the main target layer of less than 0.15%.These results show that high density DAS has good application prospects in borehole seismic studies.&nbsp;</p>

Guo Y L, Peng S P, Du W F, et al.

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[J]. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 2023, 210:104946.

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周小慧, 陈伟, 杨江峰, 等.

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李彦鹏, 刘学刚, 王大兴, 等.

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[J]. 石油物探, 2022, 61(1):112-121.

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光纤分布式声波传感(DAS)技术因其耐高温高压和高密度全井段采集等技术优势使得井地联合勘探技术更加高效,在井驱参数提取及井旁成像等方面具有广泛的应用前景,但目前该技术面临记录数据的信噪比偏低、单分量数据波场分离困难、地面激发点稀疏造成照明不均匀和成像质量欠佳等技术难题。为此,系统分析了长庆油田珠60井的套管外DAS-VSP井地联采数据的采集质量及对处理结果的影响、DAS单分量波场特征及反射波分离、井驱参数提取、井地联合多次波分析、3D-VSP成像的技术优势和不足等,形成了高效初至拾取及井驱参数提取、单分量保真波场分离、扩展面元VSP CDP成像等一系列技术成果,提出了下一步的研究重点是将高密度优势转化为高信噪比,进一步提高波场分离保真度,并在处理中尽可能克服激发点稀疏的影响,以实现3D-VSP的精确成像,最终实现井地联合成像,这些结果对于今后的DAS井地联合勘探具有非常积极的指导意义。

Li Y P, Liu X G, Wang D X, et al.

DAS joint VSP and 3D surface seismic:A case study on HX3D in the Changqing oilfield

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Optical fiber distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology makes downhole-surface joint exploration more efficient because of its high temperature,high pressure resistance,and high-density whole-wellbore acquisition.It has been widely used in well-driven parameter estimation and near-well imaging,but it currently faces technical problems such as low signal-to-noise ratio,difficult wavefield separation due to one-component (1C) data,inhomogeneous illumination,and unsatisfactory imaging caused by sparse shot points.In this study,many issues were investigated,such as the acquisition quality and its influence on the processing of DAS VSP data with cemented fiber,separation of DAS 1C wavefield,well-driven parameter extraction,multiple reflection analysis,and technical advantages and weakness of 3D-VSP imaging.A series of technical achievements were presented,such as efficient first break picking,refined well-driven parameter extraction,high-fidelity 1C wavefield separation,and extended bin VSPCDP imaging.It has been pointed out that the emphases would achieve high S/N data from high-density raw data,further improving the wavefield separation fidelity,and overcoming the effect of shot point sparsity as much as possible in the processing,realizing 3D-VSP precision imaging,and finally achieving joint borehole and surface imaging.This understanding has very positive guidance for DAS joint VSP and surface seismic exploration in the future.

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In the presented work, the potential of fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) for detection of small gas pipeline leaks (&lt;1%) is investigated. Helical wrapping of the sensing fiber directly around the pipeline is used to increase the system sensitivity for detection of weak leak-induced vibrations. DAS measurements are supplemented with reference accelerometer data to facilitate analysis and interpretation of recorded vibration signals. The results reveal that a DAS system using direct fiber application approach is capable of detecting pipeline natural vibrations excited by the broadband noise generated by the leaking medium. In the performed experiment, pipeline vibration modes with acceleration magnitudes down to single μg were detected. Simple leak detection approach based on spectral integration of time-averaged DAS signals in frequency domain was proposed. Potential benefits and limitations of the presented monitoring approach were discussed with respect to its practical applicability. We demonstrated that the approached is potentially capable of detection and localization of gas pipeline leaks with leak rates down to 0.1% of the pipeline flow volume and might be of interest for monitoring of short- and medium-length gas pipelines.

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This paper presents an integrated technical framework to protect pipelines against both malicious intrusions and piping degradation using a distributed fiber sensing technology and artificial intelligence. A distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) was used to detect acoustic wave propagation and scattering along pipeline structures consisting of straight piping and sharp bend elbow. Signal to noise ratio of the DAS system was enhanced by femtosecond induced artificial Rayleigh scattering centers. Data harnessed by the DAS system were analyzed by neural network-based machine learning algorithms. The system identified with over 85% accuracy in various external impact events, and over 94% accuracy for defect identification through supervised learning and 71% accuracy through unsupervised learning.

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[J]. 山东科学, 2021, 34(4):1-8.

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随着常规和易采油气资源日渐减少，勘探开发复杂地质油气资源，对降低我国油气对外依存度,保障国家能源安全发挥着越来越重要的作用。复杂地质油气藏具有储层更薄、更深，非均质性更强等特性，现有地震波检测技术难以实现有效勘探。设计了一种用于油气地震波勘探开发的分布式光纤声波监测系统，使用光缆作为传感器来检测声音信号，采用基于背向瑞利散射的相位调制解调技术，实现了10 m的空间分辨率、-145.35 dB的声压灵敏度的测试，并进行了地震弹炮实地勘探，完成了地震波信号采集处理，获得了清晰的地层反演信息。

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Fiber-optic cables have recently gained popularity for use as Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) arrays for borehole microseismic monitoring due to their physical robustness as well as high spatial and temporal resolutions. As a result, the sensors record large amounts of data, making it very difficult to process in real-/semi-real-time using the conventional processing routines. We present a novel approach, based on deep learning, for handling the large amounts of DAS data in real-/semi-real-time. The proposed neural network was trained on synthetic microseismic data contaminated with real-ambient noise from field data and was validated using field DAS microseismic data obtained from a hydraulic fracturing operation. The results indicate that the trained network is capable of detecting and locating microseismic events from DAS data and simultaneously update the velocity model to a high degree of precision. The mean absolute errors in the event locations and the velocity model parameters are 2.04, 0.72, 2.76, 4.19 and 0.97 percent for distance (x), depth (z), P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and density, respectively. In addition to automation and computational efficiency, deep learning reduces human expert data handling during processing, thus preserving data integrity leading to more accurate and reproducible results.

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A ship-based seismic survey was conducted close to a fiber-optic submarine cable, and 50 km-long distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) recordings with air-gun shots were obtained for the first time. We examine the acquired DAS dataset together with the co-located hydrophones to investigate the detection capability of underwater acoustic (hydroacoustic) signals. Here, we show the hydroacoustic signals identified by the DAS measurement characterizing in frequency-time space. The DAS measurement can be sensitive for hydroacoustic signals in a frequency range from [Formula: see text] to a few tens of Hz which is similar to the hydrophones. The observed phases of hydroacoustic signals are coherent within a few kilometers along the submarine cable, suggesting the DAS is suitable for applying correlation analysis using hydroacoustic signals. Although our study suggests that virtual sensor's self-noise of the present DAS measurement is relatively high compared to the conventional in-situ hydroacoustic sensors above a few Hz, the DAS identifies the ocean microseismic background noise along the entire submarine cable except for some cable sections de-coupled from the seafloor.

黄毓华, 李辰, 孙廷玺.

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Nayak A, Ajo-Franklin J.

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The intrinsic array nature of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) makes it suitable for applying beamforming techniques commonly used in traditional seismometer arrays for enhancing weak and coherent seismic phases from distant seismic events. We test the capacity of a dark-fiber DAS array in the Sacramento basin, northern California, to detect small earthquakes at The Geysers geothermal field, at a distance of ∼100  km from the DAS array, using beamforming. We use a slowness range appropriate for ∼0.5–1.0  Hz surface waves that are well recorded by the DAS array. To take advantage of the large aperture, we divide the ∼20  km DAS cable into eight subarrays of aperture ∼1.5–2.0  km each, and apply beamforming independently to each subarray using phase-weighted stacking. The presence of subarrays of different orientations provides some sensitivity to back azimuth. We apply a short-term average/long-term average detector to the beam at each subarray. Simultaneous detections over multiple subarrays, evaluated using a voting scheme, are inferred to be caused by the same earthquake, whereas false detections caused by anthropogenic noise are expected to be localized to one or two subarrays. Analyzing 45 days of continuous DAS data, we were able to detect all earthquakes with M≥2.4, while missing most of the smaller magnitude earthquakes, with no false detections due to seismic noise. In comparison, a single broadband seismometer co-located with the DAS array was unable to detect any earthquake of M&amp;lt;2.4, many of which were detected successfully by the DAS array. The seismometer also experienced a large number of false detections caused by spatially localized noise. We demonstrate that DAS has significant potential for local and regional detection of small seismic events using beamforming. The ubiquitous presence of dark fiber provides opportunities to extend remote earthquake monitoring to sparsely instrumented and urban areas.

余双勇. 基于DAS分布式光纤声学传感地震检波器设计[D]. 长春: 长春理工大学, 2022.

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Yu S Y. Design of distributed optical fiber acoustic sensor geophone based on DAS[D]. Changchun: Changchun University of Science and Technology, 2022.

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Fiber optic train monitoring with distributed acoustic sensing:Conventional and neural network data analysis

[J]. Sensors, 2020, 20(2):450.

DOI:10.3390/s20020450      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) over tens of kilometers of fiber optic cables is well-suited for monitoring extended railway infrastructures. As DAS produces large, noisy datasets, it is important to optimize algorithms for precise tracking of train position, speed, and the number of train cars. The purpose of this study is to compare different data analysis strategies and the resulting parameter uncertainties. We present data of an ICE 4 train of the Deutsche Bahn AG, which was recorded with a commercial DAS system. We localize the train signal in the data either along the temporal or spatial direction, and a similar velocity standard deviation of less than 5 km/h for a train moving at 160 km/h is found for both analysis methods. The data can be further enhanced by peak finding as well as faster and more flexible neural network algorithms. Then, individual noise peaks due to bogie clusters become visible and individual train cars can be counted. From the time between bogie signals, the velocity can also be determined with a lower standard deviation of 0.8 km/h. The analysis methods presented here will help to establish routines for near real-time train tracking and train integrity analysis.

Wiesmeyr C, Litzenberger M, Waser M, et al.

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[J]. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(2):448.

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In the context of railway safety, it is crucial to know the positions of all trains moving along the infrastructure. In this contribution, we present an algorithm that extracts the positions of moving trains for a given point in time from Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) signals. These signals are obtained by injecting light pulses into an optical fiber close to the railway tracks and measuring the Rayleigh backscatter. We show that the vibrations of moving objects can be identified and tracked in real-time yielding train positions every second. To speed up the algorithm, we describe how the calculations can partly be based on graphical processing units. The tracking quality is assessed by counting the inaccurate and lost train tracks for two different types of cable installations.

Wang S L, Liu F, Liu B.

Research on application of deep convolutional network in high-speed railway track inspection based on distributed fiber acoustic sensing

[J]. Optics Communications, 2021, 492:126981.

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李卫斌.

用于铁路基础设施综合监测的分布式光纤传感器

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He J P. On-line monitoring method of expressway operation based on distributed optical fiber acoustic wave sensing[D]. Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2018.

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分布式光纤声波传感系统记录的交通噪声的干涉处理分析

[J]. 地球物理学报, 2021, 64(7):2530-2539.

DOI:10.6038/cjg2021O0513      [本文引用: 1]

分布式光纤声波传感系统（DAS）是近年来迅速发展的高密度、低成本的地震观测设备，已经在基于面波的速度层析反演、反射成像、微地震监测等多个领域显示巨大潜力.本文基于美国加利福尼亚州Garner Valley实验中DAS记录的交通噪声数据，分析交通噪声数据特点，并利用地震干涉方法从交通噪声记录提取出近地表传播的面波信息.结果显示，利用记录时长6 s的DAS记录的车辆噪声数据，可以提取与主动源数据信号信噪比略高、特征一致的面波记录.同时，分析比较了互相关干涉、反褶积干涉和互相干干涉三种方法.结果显示三种方法均能从Garner Valley实验中DAS系统记录的公路噪声中有效提取面波信息，其中的互相干干涉和互相关干涉结果具有较高的高信噪比，互相干干涉和反褶积干涉结果有更优的频带宽度.

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Hu D. Research on failure monitoring technology of tunnel reinforcement steel ring based on optical fiber distributed acoustic wave sensing[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2021.

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光纤地球物理技术的发展现状与展望

[J]. 石油物探, 2022, 61(1):15-31.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2022.01.002      [本文引用: 1]

近年来,光纤传感技术已经应用于地面地震数据、海洋地震数据、井中地震数据和井地联合地震数据的采集,推动了光纤传感技术在地球物理特别是地震数据采集领域的应用。对国内外应用于陆地、海洋和井中的光纤地震数据采集系统进行了简要介绍,重点关注了分布式光纤声波传感(DAS)技术在井中地震数据和井地联合地震数据的采集、处理和综合解释中的应用。光纤传感技术是一项革命性的新技术,光纤因体积小、不带电、分布式、高密度、多参量、耐高温、高压、全段接收和低成本等特征,必将带来井下、海洋和陆地地球物理技术的一场革命。井中分布式光纤声波传感技术已广泛应用于井中VSP数据采集、水力压裂微地震监测和精准工程监测,可实现油气井全生命周期监测、管理和使用。分布式光纤传感技术在油气资源勘探开发领域的规模化推广应用,已经从井中延伸到陆地和海洋;从井下单分量测量拓展到井下和陆地三分量测量(螺旋形绕制的铠装光缆);从单井单参数测量发展到了多井多参数同步测量,调制解调仪器也从单通道单参数发展到了多通道多参数复合调制解调系统。光纤传感技术应用已经由地震勘探领域延伸至油气藏开发领域,围绕光纤应用的地球物理技术对地下结构的静态刻画和动态永久监测逐步形成光纤油藏地球物理技术的基础。展望未来,分布式三分量光纤声波传感技术将在井中、陆地(沙漠)和海洋中用来替代常规三分量检波器采集高密度全波场三分量地震数据,可实现陆地、海洋和井下的高效率、低成本、高密度三分量地震数据采集。此外,研制开发集分布式光纤声波、温度、应变传感于一体的多分量、多参数、多通道复合调制解调仪器;开展耐高温、高瑞利散射系数、抗氢损和弯曲不敏感特种光纤的研制与批量生产;三分量分布式光纤声波(地震波)传感数据采集系统的研制;高密度分布式三分量光纤地震数据处理软件的开发;井地三分量联采地震数据的联合偏移成像方法研究;套管外铠装光缆定位定向技术与设备研发和与之配套的定向射孔光缆避射技术的发展;人工智能技术在光纤传感领域的推广应用等,必将推动光纤地球物理技术的创新性发展,实现对整个油气田储层的光纤智能油藏感知、描述、模拟和监测,智能优化开发方案和生产制度,在未来智慧油气田的建设中发挥重要的技术支撑作用。

Gou L, Zhang S H, Yu G, et al.

Optical fiber geophysics:Development status and future prospects

[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 2022, 61(1):15-31.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2022.01.002      [本文引用: 1]

In recent years,optical fiber sensing systems have been applied to the acquisition of land 3C seismic,marine 4C seismic,borehole seismic,and borehole-surface joint seismic data,which has promoted the application of optical fiber sensing techniques in geophysics,especially in the field of seismic data acquisition.This paper briefly introduces optical fiber seismic data acquisition systems applied in land,marine,and boreholes around the world,and focuses on the application of the distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technique in the acquisition,processing,and comprehensive interpretation of borehole seismic data and borehole-surface jointly acquired seismic data.Optical fiber sensing is a novel and revolutionary technique.Because of their small size,non-electrical nature,distribution,high density,multi-parameter nature,high-temperature and high-pressure resistance,full cable sensing capability,and low cost,optical fibers will bring a revolution in borehole,marine,and terrestrial geophysical data acquisition.The downhole distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technique has been widely used in VSP data acquisition,hydraulic fracturing microseismic monitoring,and precision engineering monitoring.It can thus achieve the entire life cycle monitoring,management,and use of oil and gas wells.The large-scale application of distributed optical fiber sensing techniques in the exploration and development of oil and gas resources has extended from well to land and marine environments,from downhole 1C measurements to downhole and terrestrial 3C measurements,and from single well single parameter measurements to multi-well multi-parameter simultaneous measurements.The capability of the demodulation instrument also has been enhanced,from a single channel and single parameter system to multi-channel and multi-parameter composite demodulation systems.The application of optical fiber sensing techniques has extended from the field of seismic exploration to oil and gas reservoir development and production.The static characterization and dynamic permanent monitoring of subsurface structures based on optical fiber application gradually form the basis of optical fiber reservoir geophysical technology.In the future,the distributed three-component optical fiber acoustic sensing technology will be used to replace the conventional three-component geophone to collect high-density full-wave field three-component seismic data in the well,land (desert),and sea,which can realize high-efficiency,low-cost,and high-density three-component seismic data acquisition on land,sea,and underground.In addition,a multi-component,multi parameter and multi-channel composite modulation and demodulation instrument integrating distributed optical fiber acoustic wave,temperature,and strain sensing needs to be developed.Future directions of research include the development and mass production of special optical fibers with high temperature resistance,high Rayleigh scattering coefficient,hydrogen loss resistance and bending insensitiveness;the development of a three component distributed optical fiber acoustic wave (seismic wave) sensing data acquisition system;the development of a high-density distributed three component optical fiber seismic data processing software;research on a joint migration imaging method of well ground three component combined mining seismic data;research and development of a positioning and orientation technology,as well as development of an armored optical cable outside the casing and a supporting directional perforation optical cable anti shooting technology.In addition,with vigorous promotion and application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of optical fiber sensing,all the developments will promote the implementation of the optical fiber geophysical technology,which will achieve the optical fiber-based intelligent reservoir sensing,description,simulation and monitoring of the whole oil and gas field reservoir.Finally,these developments will lead to an intelligent optimization of development schemes and production systems,and will play an important technical support role in the construction of smart oil and gas fields in the future.

董书豪.

我国碳捕获、利用与封存(CCUS)技术的发展现状与展望

[J]. 广东化工, 2021, 48(17):69-70.

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