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物探与化探, 2023, 47(5): 1198-1205 doi: 10.11720/wtyht.2023.1536

方法研究·信息处理·仪器研制

面波信息约束的初至波走时层析反演方法

张利振,, 孙成禹,, 王志农, 李世中, 焦峻峰, 颜廷容

中国石油大学(华东) 地球科学与技术学院,山东 青岛 266580

First-arrival wave travel time-based tomography inversion with surface wave information as constraints

ZHANG Li-Zhen,, SUN Cheng-Yu,, WANG Zhi-Nong, LI Shi-Zhong, JIAO Jun-Feng, YAN Ting-Rong

China University of Petroleum(East China),Qingdao 266580,China

通讯作者: 孙成禹(1968-),男,教授,主要从事地震波传播理论及地震勘探的教学科研工作。Email:suncy@upc.edu.cn

责任编辑: 叶佩

收稿日期: 2022-12-10   修回日期: 2023-08-8  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目“基于石油勘探面波与P-导波的近地表纵横波速度一体化反演”(42174140)

Received: 2022-12-10   Revised: 2023-08-8  

作者简介 About authors

张利振(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事初至波层析方面的研究工作。Email:1753549195@qq.com

摘要

射线层析反演过程中,有多种因素都会影响反演效果,如初始模型误差、低速夹层等。传统的初至波走时层析成像方法对模型进行约束或平滑处理,不仅会破坏模型参数与射线之间的相对关系,还会影响反演的稳定性。本文首先测试了不同初始模型下初至波走时层析反演的效果,提出一种面波信息约束的初至波走时层析反演方法。地震数据中面波具有能量强以及频散的特性,通过多道面波分析方法获取面波频散曲线,采用阻尼最小二乘法反演浅地表横波速度,以横波速度结构作为约束,建立纵波初始模型,在此基础上实现带有正则化的初至波走时层析反演。该方法充分利用了地震数据中的面波信息,弥补了层析反演的固有缺陷,提高了浅层结构反演的精度与稳定性,利用实际资料测试了该方法的有效性。

关键词: 走时层析; 正则化; 初始模型; 面波频散; 多道面波分析

Abstract

The performance of ray-based tomography inversion is affected by many factors,such as initial model error and low-velocity interlayer.The conventional tomography method based on first-arrival wave travel time,which constrains or smooths models,destroys the relative relationship between model parameters and rays and affects the inversion stability.By testing the performance of first-arrival wave travel time-based tomography inversion under different initial models,this study proposed a first-arrival wave travel time-based tomography inversion method with surface wave information as constraints.The process of this method is as follows:(1)Given that surface waves feature high energy and frequency dispersion in seismic data,the surface-wave frequency dispersion curves are obtained through the multi-channel analysis of surface waves;(2)Using the damped least squares method,the shallow-surface shear wave (S-wave) velocities are determined through inversion;(3)With the S-wave velocity structure as the constraint,the initial compressional wave (P-wave) model is established,and accordingly,the first-arrival wave travel time-based tomography inversion that considers regularization is achieved.This method improves the accuracy and stability of shallow structure inversion by fully utilizing the surface wave information in seismic data to counteract the inherent defects of tomography inversion.The effectiveness of this method has been verified using actual data.

Keywords: travel-time tomography; regularization; initial model; surface wave dispersion; multi-channel analysis of surface waves

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本文引用格式

张利振, 孙成禹, 王志农, 李世中, 焦峻峰, 颜廷容. 面波信息约束的初至波走时层析反演方法[J]. 物探与化探, 2023, 47(5): 1198-1205 doi:10.11720/wtyht.2023.1536

ZHANG Li-Zhen, SUN Cheng-Yu, WANG Zhi-Nong, LI Shi-Zhong, JIAO Jun-Feng, YAN Ting-Rong. First-arrival wave travel time-based tomography inversion with surface wave information as constraints[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2023, 47(5): 1198-1205 doi:10.11720/wtyht.2023.1536

0 引言

在地震勘探中,浅地表速度结构对于静校正、速度分析、波形反演以及深部油气勘探等有重要意义。由于浅地表的岩性不同以及低降速带、潜水面、表层岩性界面吸收性强的原因(总结为采集条件差,地震波能量衰减问题),使得地震勘探难度大大增加,需要采取更多的手段来解决复杂的浅地表问题[1]。地震波走时层析是通过地震波走时场反演地下速度结构,具有简便高效的特点,在油气勘探、工程勘探和天然地震等诸多领域进行了广泛应用。

初至波包括直达波、折射波、回折波[2],而层析一般使用直达波或者折射波来反演浅地表速度结构,能够反映介质横向的速度变化,利用长波长信息准确地反演浅地表纵波速度。然而,初至波层析的目标函数中包含大型稀疏矩阵,会使反演结果不适定。正则化是地球物理反演过程中比较重要的因素,能够降低初至波层析反演的多解性,已知模型的一些先验信息在目标函数中加入正则化可以提高反演效果[3]。如刘玉柱等[4]在反演过程中加入不同的正则化方法实现层析速度建模;李辉等[5]在层析过程中加入Tikhonov模型正则化与预条件模型正则化。初至波走时层析反演受射线路径的约束,当地下存在低速层时,不会在该层产生折射波,因此在反演时不可能反演出低速层,这是初至波走时层析的理论缺陷,除层析反演的理论限制外,在实际应用中,初始模型的选择对反演效果有很大的影响,因此需要构造更加精确的速度场。

在自由地表激发后,产生地震波总能量的70%都是面波。面波能量非常强,在炮集上呈现为簇状分布,具有强振幅,低频低速。人们常把地震数据中的面波当作干扰噪声压制,可以采用频率域滤波、F-K滤波、小波变换等面波压制方法[6],如毕云云等[7]基于离散曲波变换字典和二维局部离散余弦变换字典(2D-LDCT)组合的形态成分分析法应用于地震数据的面波压制,李继伟等[8]利用自适应相减和Curvelet变换组合压制面波。但是有众多理论研究以及实际测试发现,面波的频散特性可以加以利用。伍敦仕等[9]提出fv-MUSIC方法准确获取地震记录中的频散曲线;Stokoe等[10]提出面波谱分析方法(SASW),刘江平等[11]利用相邻道计算频散曲线,提高成像横向分辨率;多道面波分析方法(MASW)自20世纪90年代Xia等[12]提出以来,王志农等[13]利用多道面波分析法反演三维横波速度结构;Li等[14]提出SCG-MASW方法提高横向分辨率;邓小娟等[15]利用浅层反射地震数据面波与初至波信息分别反演,得到纵横波速度比以及泊松比;陈淼等[16]依据面波反演与初至波层析成像联合探测济南泉域近地表速度结构。因此,充分利用地震数据中的面波信息进行浅地表速度反演,利用泊松比转化成纵波速度模型,可以为初至波层析提供可靠的速度模型[17-18]

本文通过分析初始模型对初至波走时层析反演的影响,得到层析反演的选取策略。采用多道面波分析方法获取横波速度结构,通过泊松比转化为纵波速度作为层析的初始模型,同时约束层析的目标函数,实现了面波信息约束的初至波走时层析反演。理论模型测试表明了面波与初至波的结合可以提高浅地表速度反演的精度与稳定性,证明了该方法的正确性。

1 面波信息约束的初至波走时层析反演方法

提取地震记录中的面波,可以拾取多种模式的频散曲线,拾取的精度越高,最后反演结果通常也越可靠[19]。传统的瑞利波的理论频散曲线计算局限于弹性介质的水平一维层状模型,对于横向变化较大的地层的瑞利波场无法提取出频散曲线。SASW方法是利用相邻两道的地震面波数据,对横向变化剧烈的地层识别能力较强,但是受观测系统炮检距与道间距相等的制约,误差较大。目前多道面波分析(MASW) [20]是最常用的分析方法,多道面波分析是指在地表用瞬态震源激发,通过多道固定的道间距均匀排列的检波器接收的信号,将浅层地震信号进行提取得到频率—速度域的频散曲线,反演频散曲线,得到横波速度与深度的变化曲线,多道面波分析计算获得的频率—相速度谱,是多道地震数据中面波平均作用的结果。多道面波分析法的原理如下:

设地震记录信号为U(x,t),对每道做傅里叶变换,得到的频谱为

$U(x,\omega )=p(x,\omega )A(x,\omega ),$

式中:p(x,ω)为相位谱,A(x,ω)为振幅谱,频谱的形式变为

$U(x, \omega)=\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} k x+\varphi_{0}} A(x, \omega),$

式中:k=ω/Vω,ω为角频率,Vω为相速度。

通过傅里叶变换得到频率域的面波信号,利用相移法[21]提取出频散曲线后,根据频散曲线反演横波速度模型,通常反演方法包括线性的阻尼最小二乘法以及非线性的反演方法,比如蛙跳算法[22]、遗传算法[23]等。阻尼最小二乘法反演的原理如下,通过多次迭代求取使得目标函数最小的参数X[24]

首先设理论数据为F(X)=fi(X)i=1,2,,m,观测数据为D=dii=1,2,,m,其中m为观测数据的个数,参数X=x1,x2,,xn,其中n为参数的个数。定义目标函数为

φ(X)=i=1mdi-fi(X)2

在反演的具体过程中,反演参数实际上考虑横波速度与层厚度,依据横波速度和层厚度的初始值进行迭代反演。根据面波反演得到一维横波速度模型,利用泊松比转化为纵波速度,泊松比V的取值一般在(0.1,0.5)之间,可以根据初至波走时层析反演的纵波速度与瑞利波反演的横波速度来获取浅地表的近似值。三者的关系见式(4),然后组合平滑每一个道的反演结果[25],来近似作为近地表的二维纵波模型,最后将获取的纵波速度模型作为走时层析反演的初始模型。

$\frac{v_{\mathrm{P}}}{v_{\mathrm{S}}}=\sqrt{\frac{\lambda+2 \mu}{\mu}}=\sqrt{\frac{2(1-v)}{1-2 v}},$

式中:λμ为拉梅系数;υ为泊松比。

射线理论的初至波走时层析目标函数为:

LΔs=Δt

通过面波反演的结果获取模型参数的分布特点,构建矩阵加入到层析反演目标函数中,扩展层析反演方程组来增加面波分析得到的先验信息。在反演过程中进行平滑处理是必要的,以减少由于错误数据和不确定性而引起的非唯一性。因此,扩展后的方程组如下:

LβDrλDssest=tobsβsaλh

式中:Lm×n维矩阵,矩阵元素Lmn为射线在模型参数单元内的长度;sest为慢度更新量;tobs为拾取的初至波走时;Dr是面波提供的初始模型;Ds为平滑矩阵,为(n-1)×n维一阶差分矩阵。

2 模型测试

2.1 模型建立与走时计算

为了验证本文方法的优势,采用一个含有速度递增的平层、低速层和背斜等多种构造的模型,模型大小为 401 m×81 m,离散化为401×81网格,网格间距为1 m×1 m。根据浅地表纵横波速度比,给定泊松比,随着地层的增加,纵横波速度比降低,对应泊松比减少。模型参数见表1,本文后续统一使用该模型。炮点与检波点都设置在地表,震源是主频为20 Hz的雷克子波,共41个炮点,第一炮位置(1 m,1 m),炮间距10 m,每炮对应71道接收。第一道位置(50 m,1 m),道间距5 m,观测系统如图1所示,单边激发双边接收,炮点和检波点同时移动。在实际选择炮点和检波点时候,确保面波的能量强或者说面波的“信噪比”高。偏移距不应太大,保证后续浅地表结构反演的精度。

表1   模型参数

Table 1  Model parameters

层号横波速度
/(m·s-1)
纵波速度
/(m·s-1)
泊松比密度
/(g·cm-3)
1300~410800~11000.422.0
23408000.392.0
361812000.322.0
474015000.342.0

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


图1

图1   观测系统示意

Fig.1   Schematic diagram of the observing system


图2a利用快速推进法计算走时场,在实际应用时则需要利用地震数据进行初至拾取,单炮正演计算得到的走时场的等高线以及射线路径见图2b、c。可以清楚地看到,射线路径在模型中的传播过程符合地震波传播规律。

图2

图2   初至波层析正演

a—理论模型;b—走时场;c—射线路径

Fig.2   Forward modeling of first break wave tomography

a—theoretical models;b—travel-time;c—ray path diagram


2.2 初始模型对反演效果的影响

为对比不同初始模型下的层析反演效果,给定两个速度模型,速度递增模型见图3a,层状模型见图3c,分别做初至波走时层析反演(图3b、d)。

图3

图3   递增初始模型反演

a—递增初始模型;b—递增初始模型层析反演结果;c—层状初始模型;d—层状初始模型层析反演结果

Fig.3   Inversion of incremental initial model

a—incremental initial model;b—tomography inversion map;c—layer initial model;d—tomography inversion diagram


抽取第270道分析,当初始模型为递增速度模型时,初至波层析反演对于浅层的回折波反演很好(图4a),但无法反演出低速层。由于层析反演受限于射线路径的覆盖范围,初始模型为层状模型时,大致可以看到背斜结构,但其他层位对应不上,速度的相对误差较大(图4b),两者都反演不出低速层以下的层位。对比可见: 初至波层析相较于全波形反演只能利用初至走时来反演近地表速度结构,反演结果只能得到近似的变化趋势,初至波走时层析受射线密度不均匀的影响,存在不能反演出低速层的理论缺陷,说明了层析反演对于初始模型的依赖性较强,给定一个合适的初始模型尤为重要。

图4

图4   抽道速度对比

a—递增初始模型层析反演速度对比; b—层状初始模型层析反演速度对比

Fig.4   Comparison of pumping speed

a—comparison of incremental model tomographic inversion velocity;b—comparison of tomographic inversion velocity of layered model


2.3 面波信息约束的层析反演

模型正演出地震记录,可看面波在单炮炮集中的特征,呈现为簇状分布,如图5a所示;面波能量较强,对其利用相移法进行频散提取,得到如图5b所示的频散曲线。根据频散曲线进行厚度与速度同时反演,得到如图5c所示的横波速度;反演结果计算得到的频散曲线与理论频散曲线的拟合程度见图5d

图5

图5   面波数据处理

a—面波记录;b—频散曲线;c—反演横波速度;d—拟合程度对比

Fig.5   Surface wave data processing

a—surface wave recording;b—dispersion curve;c—inversion of shear wave velocity;d—comparison of fitting degree


把反演出的所有一维横波速度模型,每炮结果叠加平滑得到组合的二维横波速度(图6a);根据所得泊松比,转化为纵波速度模型(图6b),面波信息约束层析反演结果(图6c),对比真实模型来看,递增速度层、低速层和背斜等速度结构准确。抽道速度进行对比(图6d),对比结果说明面波反演结果转化为纵波速度模型为初至波层析反演提供的初始模型,初至波走时层析反演具有更高的分辨率。

图6

图6   面波约束层析反演

a—横波速度模型;b—纵波初始模型;c—面波约束层析反演结果; d—抽道速度对比

Fig.6   Surface wave constrained tomography inversion

a—S-wave velocity model;b—P-wave initial model;c—surface wave constrained tomography inversion results;d—comparison diagram of pumping speed


3 实际资料

本文选取东部某地区的实际资料来测试面波信息约束的初至波走时层析反演方法,该测线共有28炮,道间距为1 m,主要步骤为:1)经预处理切除干扰波等,获得有效地震数据(图7);分别对每一炮进行频散分析,提取面波频散曲线;给定初始模型,反演得到一维横波速度。

图7

图7   实际资料单炮地震记录

Fig.7   Actual data single-gun seismic records


2)组合每炮的一维横波速度,获取二维横波速度剖面(图8a),根据常用的近地表泊松比转化为纵波速度剖面(图8b),为初至波层析提供初始模型与模型约束。

图8

图8   实际资料速度剖面

a—MASW反演横波速度剖面;b—层析反演纵波速度剖面;c—约束层析反演纵波速度剖面

Fig.8   Actual data velocity profile

a—MASW inversion of S-wave velocity profile;b—P-wave velocity profile inversion by constrained tomography;c—P-wave velocity profile inversion by tomography


3)利用手动拾取的方法来拾取初至走时,保证初至拾取的准确度;建立初始模型以及模型网格化;初至波射线追踪正演。

4)初至波走时层析反演,不断迭代,使残差满足精度,见图8c

对比来看,约束的初至波走时层析反演结果相较于无约束的初至波走时层析结果界面更清晰,细节方面反演得更好。虽然在实际反演过程中,泊松比是按照常用的近地表的大小给定的,但由该方法为初至波提供的初始模型有较强的约束性,可以使收敛速度更快,不需要迭代很多次就能达到很好的反演解,同时可以防止解的多解性。因此充分利用地震数据中的多种参数,对于浅部地层的位置与构造特征有更好的识别能力。

4 结论

本文重点研究了面波信息约束的初至波走时层析反演方法,通过模型测试得出以下结论:1)分析不同初始模型下初至波层析反演的效果,得出初至波走时层析受初始模型约束,更准确的初始模型可以提高层析反演精度,避免层析反演的固有缺陷。

2)地震数据中存在大量的面波信息,利用MASW方法,拟合二维横波速度,通过泊松比转化为纵波速度结构,为层析反演提供可靠的初始模型;已知模型参数分布特征,约束层析目标函数,可进一步提高层析反演的稳定性。

3)模型测试与实际资料结果表明,该方法有效地利用了地震数据中存在的面波信息,反演结果更准确,低速层界面清晰,地质构造准确,有效地提高层析反演的稳定性,对降低反演的多解性具有较好的效果。

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