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物探与化探, 2022, 46(5): 1105-1113 doi: 10.11720/wtyht.2022.0040

东北黑土地地球化学调查专栏

黑龙江省海伦地区黑土剖面常量元素地球化学特征及其对物源的指示意义

宋运红,1,2,3, 杨凤超,1, 刘凯1,2,3, 戴慧敏1,2,3, 许江1,2,3, 韩晓萌1,2,3

1.中国地质调查局 沈阳地质调查中心,辽宁 沈阳 110034

2.自然资源部 黑土地演化与生态效应重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110034

3.辽宁省黑土地演化与生态效应重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110034

Geochemical characteristics of major elements in the black soil profiles of the Hailun area, Heilongjiang Province and their implications for provenance

SONG Yun-Hong,1,2,3, YANG Feng-Chao,1, LIU Kai1,2,3, DAI Hui-Min1,2,3, XU Jiang1,2,3, HAN Xiao-Meng1,2,3

1. Shenyang Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110034, China

2. Key Laboratory for Evolution and Ecological Effect in Black Land, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenyang 110034, China

3. Key Laboratory for Evolution and Ecological Effect in Black Land of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110034, China

通讯作者: 杨凤超(1982-),男,2018年毕业于吉林大学,博士,高级工程师,岩石学、矿物学、矿床学专业,主要从事土地督察及地质矿产调查研究工作。Email:yangfc123@163.com

责任编辑: 蒋实

收稿日期: 2022-01-27   修回日期: 2022-05-11  

基金资助: 中国地质调查局项目“松辽平原黑土地生态地质调查”(DD20221779)
“兴凯湖平原及松辽平原西部土地质量地球化学调查”(DD20190520)

Received: 2022-01-27   Revised: 2022-05-11  

作者简介 About authors

宋运红(1983-),女,2009年毕业于吉林大学,硕士,高级工程师,地球化学专业,主要从事黑土地形成与演化研究工作。Email:yunhong408@163.com

摘要

黑土剖面中常量元素及其比值的地球化学特征与土壤的形成和发育有很大的关系,既反映了土壤发生、发育的程度,又反映了物源区的环境变化,是松嫩平原环境演化和气候变化的重要地质记录。为了探讨东北典型黑土的成因、成土母质来源以及化学风化的强度,选择具有代表性的海伦地区9条黑土剖面进行了常量元素分析,并与典型风成堆积物的元素地球化学特征进行对比,结果表明:①海伦黑土剖面主要常量元素(SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3)之和以及UCC标准化曲线均与典型风成堆积物具有较好的相似性,表明海伦典型黑土成土母质可能为风成成因;②化学蚀变指数CIA值平均为63.97,CIA—w(Na)/w(K)图解均显示属于初等化学风化程度,与典型风成堆积物相比,风化强度顺序为:哈尔滨荒山黄土>镇江下蜀土>西峰红黏土>海伦黑土≈洛川黄土;③ 0~30 cm黑土比30 cm以下的黑土具有更高的w(SiO2)/w(TiO2)、w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3)比值,说明晚期海伦典型黑土粒度较粗,石英含量较高。元素地球化学特征显示,表层和深层典型黑土的气候环境及物源可能并不完全一致,在30 cm左右发生了变化。

关键词： 海伦典型黑土; 常量元素; 成土母质来源; 化学风化强度; 地球化学

Abstract

The geochemical characteristics of the major elements in the black soil profiles and their ratios are closely related to the formation and development of the soil. They reflect the degree of the formation and development of soil as well as the environmental changes in the provenance areas. Moreover, they are important geological records of environmental evolution and climate change in the Songnen Plain. To explore the origin, provenance, and chemical weathering intensity of the typical black soil in northeast China, this study analyzed the major elements of nine representative black soil profiles in the Hailun area and then compared these elements with the element geochemical characteristics of typical aeolian deposits. The results are as follows. ①The sum of the content of the major elements (SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3) and the UCC standardized curve of the Hailun black soil profiles were highly similar to those of typical aeolian deposits, indicating that the typical black soil in Hailun is aeolian; ②The average chemical index of alteration (CIA) was 63.97. The CIA-Na/K diagrams all indicated a low degree of chemical weathering. By comparison with the weathering intensity of typical aeolian deposits, the weathering intensity of the soil was in the order of loess in Huangshan, Harbin > loess in Xiashu, Zhenjiang > red clay in Xifeng > black soil in Hailun≈loess in Luochuan; ③The black soil at a depth of 0~30 cm has higher w(SiO2)/w(TiO2) and w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3) ratios than the black soil below 30 cm, indicating that the late typical black soil in Hailun has a coarser grain size and higher quartz content. The geochemical characteristics of the major elements indicate that the typical black soil in the surface layer and the deep layer may not have the same climate, environment, and provenance conditions, which may change at a depth of approximately 30 cm.

Keywords： typical black soil in Hailun; major elements; provenance; chemical weathering intensity; geochemistry

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本文引用格式

宋运红, 杨凤超, 刘凯, 戴慧敏, 许江, 韩晓萌. 黑龙江省海伦地区黑土剖面常量元素地球化学特征及其对物源的指示意义[J]. 物探与化探, 2022, 46(5): 1105-1113 doi:10.11720/wtyht.2022.0040

SONG Yun-Hong, YANG Feng-Chao, LIU Kai, DAI Hui-Min, XU Jiang, HAN Xiao-Meng. Geochemical characteristics of major elements in the black soil profiles of the Hailun area, Heilongjiang Province and their implications for provenance[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2022, 46(5): 1105-1113 doi:10.11720/wtyht.2022.0040

0 引言

黑土地是大自然给予人类的得天独厚的宝藏,是农业生产的基础,也是我国粮食安全的保障[1⇓-3],它作为耕地中的“大熊猫”,已经受到了国内外学者的广泛关注,并且取得了一定的研究成果[4⇓-6]。一直以来,土壤学家的研究主要针对黑土质量[2-3,7⇓⇓⇓-11]以及黑土的形成时代、气候[4⇓-6,12],但对黑土物源区的研究几乎为空白。黑土中常量元素的地球化学特征是土壤的重要性质之一,既继承了地质背景和成土母质的特征,又反映了物源区的环境变化。因此,分析黑土剖面中常量元素含量及比值在剖面中的迁移方向和变化情况,可以更好地反映黑土的形成演化过程。

地球化学元素分析法是示踪黄土以及其他沉积物成因及物源区的常用方法之一[13⇓⇓⇓⇓-18]。为了探讨东北黑土的形成演化过程,本次以黑龙江省海伦地区9条典型黑土剖面为研究对象,通过对剖面常量元素地球化学特征及其变化的分析,并对比前人对哈尔滨荒山黄土、镇江下蜀土、西峰红黏土、洛川黄土等典型风成堆积物常量元素地球化学研究的结果,探讨海伦典型黑土剖面的成因、化学风化强度以及物源区,从元素地球化学角度为黑土的形成演化提供依据。

1 研究区概况

黑龙江省海伦市位于松嫩平原东部,小兴安岭西麓,处于小兴安岭向松嫩平原的过渡地带,行政区域为绥化市。县内地势从东北到西南由低丘陵、高平原、河阶地、河漫滩依次呈阶梯状逐渐降低,东北部一般海拔在350~450 m,最高处海拔490 m。区内属温带大陆性季风气候,冬季干冷漫长,夏季湿热短暂,年平均气温1.2 ℃,年降水量550 mm左右,大部分集中在7月至8月,11月至翌年4月为冻结期。

海伦市资源丰富,是世界三大黑土地之一,素有“粮仓”的美誉。通肯河、克音河、海伦河等5条河流横贯东西。西部平原区盛产大豆、玉米、水稻等粮食作物和亚麻、烤烟等经济作物,北部山区盛产红松、白杨等木材和甘草、党参等中药及猴头、蕨菜等山产品,地下蕴藏丰富的煤炭、砂金、矿泉水等矿产资源,因此,海伦享有中国优质大豆之乡、中国高淀粉玉米之乡、中国甜菇娘之乡、中国民间艺术之乡、中国甜菜之乡、中国籽鹅之乡“六乡”美誉,是中国黑土硒都,国家重要的商品粮基地县。

2 样品采集及分析

本次研究的9条典型黑土剖面均采自海伦市中南部,在每个典型黑土剖面采样点处均严格按照采样要求进行样品采集,由地表至200 cm深度,每20 cm等间距连续采集土壤及成土母质样品,共采集样品78件。样品采集均严格按照要求,离开公路200~300 m距离,在同一采样层位多点采样,组合成一个样品。具体采样位置如图1所示。根据野外实地观察,对剖面特征进行了划分:

图1

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图1   海伦地区典型黑土剖面采样位置

Fig.1   The sampling position of typical black soil profile in Hailun area


Ah层(腐殖质层):20~50 cm,厚者可达80 cm,黑色,潮湿松软,黏壤土,团粒结构,大量木本或草本植物根系。Abs层(过渡层):厚度不等,在30~70 cm左右,暗灰棕色,黏壤土,团块结构,偶见上部腐殖质淋溶的条带。Btq层(淀积层):50~160 cm,底土母质黏重时层次较薄且距地面较浅,颜色不均一,黄棕色,土体紧实,上部为小棱块状,下部为柱状,偶见铁锰结核。C层(母质层):为黄褐色黄土状堆积物。

土壤样品装入布袋后风干、敲碎,用尼龙筛筛取20目部分,送至辽宁省地质矿产研究院实验室进行常量元素含量分析测试。主要使用X荧光光谱法(XRF)测定,大部分常量元素的测试误差小于5%。

3 结果分析

表1为本次得到的78件海伦典型黑土剖面常量元素数据与哈尔滨荒山黄土[19]、洛川黄土[20]、镇江下蜀土[21]、西峰红黏土[22]以及上部陆壳(UCC)的常量元素平均组成含量比较结果。由表1可知,典型黑土剖面主量元素以SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3和K2O为主,四者平均含量之和达88.38%。SiO2含量范围为65.34%~67.87%,平均66.08%,变异系数为0.54%;Na2O含量范围为1.59%~2.01%,平均1.81%,变异系数为3.31%;Al2O3含量范围为13.25%~15.26%,平均14.59%,变异系数为3.13%;Fe2O3含量范围为4.29%~5.50%,平均5.09%,变异系数为5.34%;K2O含量范围为2.47%~2.73%,平均2.57%,变异系数为1.80%;CaO含量范围为1.15%~1.64%,平均1.32%,变异系数为6.26%;MgO含量范围为1.15%~1.58%,平均1.40%,变异系数为7.07%(表1)。常量元素平均含量由高到低的顺序为SiO2>Al2O3>Fe2O3>K2O>Na2O>MgO>CaO。剖面各层均以SiO2、Al2O3 、Fe2O3平均含量最高,其次是K2O 和Na2O,平均含量最低的是CaO。一般而言,土壤中CaO主要以碳酸钙的形式存在,在温湿的环境下,碳酸钙溶解,而在干冷的环境下,碳酸钙生成[23]。因此温湿的气候环境可能是典型黑土中CaO含量低的主要原因。常量元素变异系数均小于10%,表明其含量变化相对稳定。

表1   海伦典型黑土剖面及其他地区典型风成堆积物的常量元素含量

Table 1  Element contents of Hailun black soil profile and other aeolian dust deposits%

剖面号参数SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3K2ONa2OMgOCaOTiO2CIA
PM1901
n=7		最小值65.5113.534.572.511.711.221.250.7760.80
最大值66.5115.215.412.611.791.541.520.8165.03
平均值66.0514.675.102.561.751.401.330.8063.62
PM1902
n=7		最小值65.5113.834.692.51.741.241.280.7761.68
最大值66.3215.265.502.61.841.571.440.8064.77
平均值65.9814.775.212.541.781.441.350.8063.57
PM1903
n=10		最小值65.3413.964.722.491.741.291.300.7761.78
最大值66.6215.145.402.731.961.571.470.8073.05
平均值65.7514.835.152.591.831.461.350.7966.42
PM1904
n=7		最小值65.7713.714.532.521.801.231.270.7760.67
最大值66.6115.015.382.61.881.491.530.8063.83
平均值66.1914.465.012.541.831.371.370.7962.72
PM1907
n=11		最小值65.5213.784.532.511.701.241.190.7861.69
最大值66.1715.095.502.681.811.481.420.8165.31
平均值65.8914.725.172.551.751.391.280.8063.94
PM1908
n=10		最小值65.5614.024.462.541.691.201.210.7862.17
最大值66.2715.075.442.621.911.581.370.8164.56
平均值65.9314.695.082.581.801.421.280.8063.61
PM1909
n=9		最小值65.4313.424.622.471.591.231.240.7660.55
最大值66.6914.735.262.661.971.351.640.8163.94
平均值66.1414.184.922.591.771.281.430.7962.31
PM1910
n=10		最小值65.6713.674.642.531.711.241.170.7860.47
最大值66.8715.075.382.611.951.491.470.8265.29
平均值66.2414.575.122.581.841.391.240.8063.40
PM1921
n=10		最小值65.913.254.292.521.751.151.150.7760.58
最大值67.8714.865.392.712.011.571.390.8263.61
平均值66.5814.385.072.611.931.411.270.8062.44
荒山黄土
n=62		最小值55.7416.983.032.751.511.560.72
最大值66.7021.974.853.192.452.071.01
平均值60.8519.474.223.001.841.880.8774.66
洛川黄土
n=12		平均值66.414.24.813.011.662.291.0263.73
镇江下蜀
土n=54		平均值68.0713.325.32.350.921.61170.45
西峰红黏
土n=5		平均值63.7515.055.2831.162.890.969.11
上陆壳
(UCC)		平均值66.0015.205.003.403.902.204.2047.92

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4 讨论

4.1 常量元素含量特征及分布模式

图2为选取的7条海伦典型黑土剖面常量元素含量随深度变化图。从剖面图中可以看出,海伦典型黑土常量元素在垂直方向上分布波动较明显。随着深度的增大,总体表现为SiO2含量降低,Fe2O3、Al2O3、MgO含量升高的趋势;Na2O表现为淋溶层降低,淀积层升高的变化规律,淋溶作用显著,显示了易移动元素的迁移特征;Fe2O3、MgO含量从腐殖质层到淀积层缓慢增加,在母质层先降低后增加;整体上 SiO2 和Al2O3 比较稳定,其他元素变化不明显。通过对比海伦黑土成土母质和其他地区典型风成堆积物常量元素的平均化学组成可知,典型黑土化学组成与典型风成堆积物类似,主要化学成分SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3之和与风成堆积物接近,表明海伦典型黑土成土母质可能为风成成因。

图2

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图2   海伦黑土剖面常量元素分布特征

Fig.2   Distribution characteristics of major elements in Hailun black soil profile


对海伦典型黑土剖面的常量元素进行了相关分析(表2)。结果表明,Al2O3、Fe2O3及MgO之间呈明显正相关关系,且随深度具有相似的变化趋势(图2),Fe2O3与Al2O3、MgO的相关系数高达0.984、0.973; SiO2含量与Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、Na2O、K2O含量呈明显负相关关系。

表2   海伦黑土剖面常量元素含量相关系数

Table 2  Correlation coefficient of element contents in Hailun Black soil profile

指标SiO2Al2O3TFe2O3MgOCaONa2OK2O
SiO21
Al2O3-0.865**1
TFe2O3-0.894**0.984**1
MgO-0.917**0.949**0.973**1
CaO0.578**-0.888**-0.823**-0.747**1
Na2O-0.654**0.3980.412**0.583**-0.132**1
K2O-0.638**0.4790.5460.667-0.111**0.7551

注:“**”表示置信度为 0.01时,相关性显著;“*”表示置信度为 0.05时,相关性显著。

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在化学风化过程中,活动性元素容易淋失,所以稳定元素会相对富集,通常通过样品中常量元素与地球上部陆壳 (upper continetal curst,UCC)含量的比值来评价常量元素相对UCC 的亏损与富集程度,比值大于1 为相对富集,小于1 为相对亏损。海伦黑土剖面具有富Si、Fe,贫Mg、Ca、Na、K的特征,Si、Fe呈现一定程度的富集,Al稍显亏损但与UCC接近,这表明海伦黑土成土母质来源于上陆壳,并经过充分混合。Na、Ca的亏损可能是大陆化学风化的效应。通过对比其他典型风成堆积物常量元素UCC标准化结果可知,UCC标准化后的海伦典型黑土和典型风成堆积物具有良好的相似性,再次佐证了典型黑土成土母质为风成成因。

图3为海伦典型黑土及其他风成堆积物的UCC标准化曲线分布。通过将海伦剖面与洛川黄土、镇江下蜀土、西峰红黏土、哈尔滨荒山黄土等典型风成堆积物常量元素UCC标准化后对比可知,海伦黑土剖面与这些典型风成堆积物具有较好的相似性,化学组成基本相似,UCC标准化曲线变化趋势较为一致,表现为SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、K2O接近于UCC,无明显的亏损或富集,Na2O、CaO位于UCC下面,处于明显的亏损状态,说明其成因的相似性,即海伦典型黑土可能为风成成因。

图3

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图3   海伦黑土成土母质与其他风成堆积物常量元素的UCC标准化曲线分布模式

Fig.3   UCC-normalized pattern of elements of the Hailun black soil parent material and other aeolian dust deposits


4.2 化学风化程度

化学风化指数CIA及w(Na)/w(K)比值是目前衡量沉积物化学风化程度的最常用的指标[23],其中CIA计算公式为

CIA= Al2O3Al2O3+CaO*+K2O+Na2O×100,

式中:氧化物均为分子摩尔数;CaO*为硅酸盐矿物中的摩尔含量,采用McLennan计算方法[24]。CIA反映了长石风化成黏土矿物的程度,CIA值越高,指示气候温暖湿润,风化程度越高;反之,寒冷干燥,风化程度低。

一般而言,CIA值为50~65,指示初等化学风化程度,气候条件寒冷、干燥;CIA值为65~85,指示中等化学风化程度,气候条件为温暖、湿润[25⇓⇓-28]。海伦典型黑土剖面CIA值在61.91~64.96,平均值为63.97(表1),属于初等风化程度(图4),其中0~30 cm平均值为61.48,30 cm以下平均值为63.64。与典型风成堆积物、上陆壳(UCC)和陆源页岩相比,海伦黑土成土母质的CIA平均值远高于上陆壳(UCC)的47.92,明显小于西峰红黏土的69.11、陆源页岩的70.36、镇江下蜀土的70.45以及哈尔滨荒山黄土的71.6,与洛川黄土的63.73最接近(表1)。海伦黑土成土母质及以上几种典型风成堆积物及UCC和陆源页岩的风化强度顺序为:哈尔滨荒山黄土>镇江下蜀土≈陆源页岩>西峰红黏土>海伦黑土≈洛川黄土>>上陆壳(UCC)。不同深度的海伦典型黑土的化学风化程度均显著低于其他典型的风成堆积物(除洛川黄土外),化学风化程度的差异,可能反映了海伦典型黑土与其他典型风成堆积物的物源并不完全一致。由图4a可以看出,海伦黑土成土母质0~30 cm化学风化程度较30 cm以下较弱,反映0~30 cm黑土形成的气候条件较深处更寒冷、干燥,指示晚期海伦典型黑土寒冷干燥的气候环境。

图4

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图4   海伦黑土成土母质化学风化参数CIA—w(Na)/w(K)关系散点图(a)以及w(Na)/w(K)(b)、CIA(c)随深度变化特征

Fig.4   Scatter diagram of CIA—w(Na)/w(K) molar ratio of the Hailun Black soil parent material(a), and variation of w(Na)/w(K)(b) and CIA(c) in Hailun area


4.3 稳定元素比值特征

土壤中常量元素的含量与比值特征与土壤的形成和发育有很大的关系,能反映土壤发育的程度。SiO2、Al2O3和TiO2 3种常量元素在土壤中的含量变化较小,在风化及成土过程中比较稳定,一般不会随着风化作用而流失[14,29⇓-31],它们的比值在风化过程中保持不变[15,32⇓-34],因此具有良好的物源指示意义,在黄土物源的研究中已被广泛应用[14⇓⇓⇓-18]。

Yang等[35]认为,科尔沁沙地全新世演化过程划分为3个阶段:10 kaBP以前以流动沙丘为主,10~8 kaBP由流动向半流动—半固定转变,8~3 kaBP砂质古土壤发育、沙地固定;3 kaBP左右土壤活化,之后经历频繁的固定和活化过程。根据海伦14C年龄结果,<30 cm的年龄结果为260~2 245 aBP,30 cm以上的年龄结果为3 300~7 850 aBP,故推测晚期海伦黑土的成土母质接受风积作用明显。

根据前人对黄土的研究[14,36],SiO2一般在粗颗粒物质中富集而Al2O3则在细颗粒物质中富集。随着与物源距离的增大,风成堆积物的粒度会逐渐减小,w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3)比值也会逐渐降低[15],因此被用作研究粒度的替代性指标[14-15,36]。而w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3)比值几乎不受粒度大小及风化作用的影响,也是研究风成堆积物物源的重要指标[15,34]。在w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3)—w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3)图解(图5a)中,海伦0~30 cm黑土中w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3)、w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3)比值明显偏高,反映其粒度可能偏大,推测表层与深层黑土的物源并非完全一致。

图5

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图5   海伦黑土成土母质的w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3)—w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3) (a)和w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3)—w(SiO2)/w(TiO2) (b)图解

Fig.5   w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3) versus w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3) (a)and w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3) versus w(SiO2)/w(TiO2) (b)plots for the Hailun Black soil parent material


从元素地球化学的角度来看,w(SiO2)/w(TiO2)主要反映的是石英含量的变化,是一种对原始粉尘粒度更为灵敏的指标[14,37-38]。在w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3)—w(SiO2)/w(TiO2)图解(图5b)中,0~30 cm深度的海伦典型黑土比30 cm以下的黑土具有更高的w(SiO2)/w(TiO2),说明晚期海伦典型黑土中石英含量增加,粒度增大,暗示海伦黑土成土母质0~30 cm含有较多近源成分。从图中还可以看出,不同深度的海伦典型黑土w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3)比值明显不同。w(SiO2)/w(TiO2)、w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3)比值在不同深度典型黑土中的改变,可能反映了海伦黑土成土母质在30 cm左右物源的变化。

研究典型黑土的物源是一个复杂的科学问题,常量元素较难准确地示踪出东北风成堆积物及其潜在源区的细微差别[23,39]。本次常量元素的分析仅仅对海伦典型黑土物源进行了初步的探讨,后续还将继续开展粒度、稀土元素等研究工作。

5 结论

本次获得了黑龙江海伦地区多个典型黑土剖面常量元素分析结果,通过上部陆壳(UCC)标准化对比、化学风化程度(CIA值、w(Na)/w(K))研究以及稳定元素(w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3)、w(SiO2)/w(TiO2)、w(TiO2)/w(Al2O3))比值的分析,得到如下结果:

1)元素地球化学特征显示,典型黑土化学组成与其他典型风成堆积物类似,主要化学成分SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3之和与风成堆积物接近,UCC标准化后的海伦典型黑土和典型风成堆积物具有良好的相似性,表明典型黑土成土母质可能为风成成因。

2)海伦典型黑土CIA值平均为63.97,属于初等风化程度,其中0~30 cm化学风化程度较30 cm以下弱,反映0~30 cm黑土形成的气候条件较深处更寒冷、干燥,指示晚期海伦典型黑土寒冷干燥的气候环境。

3)0~30 cm黑土比30 cm以下的黑土具有更高的w(SiO2)/w(TiO2)、w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3),说明晚期海伦典型黑土中石英含量增加,粒度增大,暗示海伦黑土成土母质0~30 cm含有较多近源成分,稳定元素的比值在不同深度的变化,可能反映了海伦黑土成土母质在30 cm左右物源的变化,表层和深层典型黑土母质的物源并非完全相同。

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