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物探与化探, 2019, 43(2): 329-337 doi: 10.11720/wtyht.2019.1347

方法研究·信息处理·仪器研制

热释汞：一种冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查新技术

张富贵1,2, 周亚龙1,2, 张舜尧1,2, 唐瑞玲1, 王惠艳1,2, 孙忠军1,2

1. 中国地质科学院 地球物理地球化学勘查研究所,河北 廊坊 065000

2. 地球表层碳—汞地球化学循环重点实验室,河北 廊坊 065000;

Thermal-release mercury—An new tool for natural gas hydrate exploration

ZHANG Fu-Gui1,2, ZHOU Ya-Long1,2, ZHANG Shun-Yao1,2, TANG Rui-Ling1, WANG Hui-Yan1,2, SUN Zhong-Jun1,2

1. Institute of Geophysical& Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000,China;

2. Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth’s Critical Zone, Langfang 065000,China;

责任编辑: 蒋实

收稿日期: 2018-09-25   修回日期: 2019-02-27   网络出版日期: 2019-04-20

基金资助: 中国地质调查局地质项目调查.  DD20160224
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项.  AS2016Y01

Received: 2018-09-25   Revised: 2019-02-27   Online: 2019-04-20

Fund supported: .  DD20160224
.  AS2016Y01

作者简介 About authors

张富贵(1980-),男,硕士,高级工程师,毕业于成都理工大学,主要从事油气和天然气水合物研究与勘查工作。Email:zhangfugui@igge.cn 。

摘要

开发地球化学勘查新技术是提高中纬度冻土区天然气水合物探井预测成功率的重要课题之一。本文选择在祁连山聚乎更天然气水合物已知区进行土壤热释汞勘查技术试验,试验区为高寒沼泽景观,面积150 km 2,采样密度2点/km 2,采样深度60 cm,采集土壤样品300件,应用测汞仪对土壤样品进行了热释汞分析。试验结果表明,土壤热释汞在天然气水合物矿藏边界出现高值异常,在天然气水合物上方是低值带,与烃类异常浓度范围一致,为串珠状异常模式,热释汞最大值为127.37×10 -9,平均值为32.59×10 -9,异常下限为39.24 ×10 -9。结合地质和地球化学勘查成果进行了综合解释,认为祁连山聚乎更地区热释汞异常与天然气水合物矿藏关系密切,源于深部水合物矿藏,对天然气水合物进一步调查具有重要的参考价值。

关键词： 热释汞 ; 天然气水合物 ; 高寒沼泽 ; 冻土区 ; 祁连山

Abstract

The development of geochemical exploration technologies unaffected by marsh microorganisms is necessary for improving the prediction of wells and exploring natural gas hydrates in mid-latitude permafrost areas. The potential of thermal-release mercury as a new tool for the investigation of gas hydrates in permafrost areas was studied in this paper. The study area, covering 150 km 2, is located in the alpine-arctic swamp landscape of the Qilian Mountain. The sampling density and depth were 1 or 2 points/km 2 and 60 cm, respectively. In total, 300 soil samples were collected and the mercury vapor analyzer was used to measure soil thermal-release mercury. The results indicate that thermal-release mercury anomalies were identified in the gas hydrate deposits. There is maximum thermal-release mercury over the gas hydrate boundary and minimum thermal-release mercury with pinch-and-swell from over the gas hydrate reservoir. The maximum thermal-release mercury is 127.37×10 -9, with the average being 32.59×10 -9, and the threshold of anomaly is 39.24×10 -9. A comprehensive interpretation was conducted based on geological and geochemical survey results. The relationship between the hydrocarbon of gas hydrates anomalies and thermal-release mercury anomalies was further explored. The authors propose a geogas migration mechanism of soil thermal-release mercury in the soil above the natural gas hydrate deposit. The anomalies near the ground surface of the Muli coalfield in the Qilian Mountain were derived from the deep hydrate deposits and fault structures, which were not affected by marsh microorganisms, and they have important reference value for natural gas hydrate exploration in permafrost areas.

Keywords： thermal-release mercury ; natural gas hydrate ; alpine swamp ; permafrost ; Qilian Mountain

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本文引用格式

张富贵, 周亚龙, 张舜尧, 唐瑞玲, 王惠艳, 孙忠军. 热释汞：一种冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查新技术. 物探与化探[J], 2019, 43(2): 329-337 doi:10.11720/wtyht.2019.1347

ZHANG Fu-Gui, ZHOU Ya-Long, ZHANG Shun-Yao, TANG Rui-Ling, WANG Hui-Yan, SUN Zhong-Jun. Thermal-release mercury—An new tool for natural gas hydrate exploration. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration[J], 2019, 43(2): 329-337 doi:10.11720/wtyht.2019.1347

0 引言

天然气水合物是由水和气体分子(主要是甲烷)在低温、高压等条件下形成的一种结晶状固体物质,广泛的分布于海底沉积物和陆地永久冻土层中[1,2,3]。青藏高原是世界上最大的中纬度湿地冻土区,多年冻土面积约150万km2,占世界多年冻土面积的7%[4],大多数冻土区都具备形成天然气水合物的条件[5,6,7]。

国外环北冰洋冻土区天然气水合物勘查的主要技术是地震和测井,在阿拉斯加北坡和马更些三角洲得到很好的利用[8,9,10]。国内学者在青藏高原冻土区也进行了地震和测井的研究,并没有发现类似于“BSR”界面[11]。青藏高原冻土区天然气水合物类型与墨西哥湾海底水合物相似,为Ⅱ型结构水合物,呈团块状、薄片状分布在粉砂岩、细砂岩、泥岩裂隙中,产出状态有两种:“裂隙型”和“孔隙型”[12],仅仅依靠地震和测井难以满足要求。地球化学技术作为一种有效的补充手段,受到了学者们的重视[13,14],但是传统的油气指标受当地煤矿的影响,难以解释清楚烃类气体来源[15]。

汞以与油气相似的垂向微渗漏机理成为地学研究中一种非常重要的手段[16],研究表明,富含有机质的生油岩具有富集汞的特性,参与了天然气水合物成矿物质的运移、聚集过程[16,17]。汞具有极高的挥发性,可以很容易穿过上覆层和冻土层,在浅表层土壤中富集,热释汞受外界干扰较少,测定的土壤汞含量大多与深部烃源岩有关,是重要的油气化探指标[18,19]。

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物矿藏位于高寒沼泽区,甲烷碳同位素表明,土壤烃类异常是天然气水合物微渗漏和土壤微生物的混合成因[15, 20]。在天然气水合物形成的复杂过程中,天然气水合物同石油、天然气一样具有富集汞的能力,通常情况下烃类异常与热释汞异常互相共生,热释汞可以有效地指示天然气水合物,提高天然气水合物地球化学勘查的成功率。笔者拟探讨热释汞异常与水合物矿藏的关系,进一步探索天然气水合物热释汞异常形成机理。

1 热释汞应用于天然气水合物勘查的原理

汞(Hg)是油气地球化学的重要指示元素,直径较小(3.006×10-10 m),不易溶于水且具有较强的挥发性[21],在自然界中广泛分布。气体垂向微渗漏理论是热释汞应用于油气勘探的理论基础[22],在油气藏形成及聚集的漫长地质年代里,有机质在向油气转化的过程中,有机质中不同形式存在的汞随同油气一起运移、富集和储存。汞具有较活泼的地球化学性质,容易穿过油气藏盖层垂向运移至地表,被土壤吸附,形成汞异常[23]。天然气水合物与常规油气在物源及运移机制上非常相似[24],可以借用油气勘探的热释汞方法,来探讨热释汞对深部天然气水合物或油气的响应和指示意义。

2 区域地质背景

2.1 试验区地质概况

研究区地处祁连山木里煤田聚乎更矿区内,整体为一复式背向斜构造,由一个背斜和两个向斜组成,其中北向斜分布有三井田、二井田和一露天三个井田,南部向斜由四井田、一井田、三露天和二露天组成[25]。矿区出露的地层主要包括中侏罗统江仓组(J2j)和木里组(J2m),均含多个含煤地层(图1)。

图1

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图1   祁连山聚乎更矿区天然气水合物矿藏地质简图(根据青海煤炭地质105队修改[26])

Fig.1   Geological map of the gas hydrate deposits in Juhugeng in the Qilian Mountain(modified from Qinghai No. 105 Coal Geological Exploration Team[26])


中侏罗统木里组下岩性段为辫状河冲积平原沉积,岩性为中—粗粒碎屑岩,偶夹薄层碳质泥岩或薄层煤;上岩性段为湖泊—沼泽环境沉积相,岩性为深灰色粉砂岩、细砂岩及灰色细—中粒砂岩、粗粒砂岩夹两层主煤层。中侏罗统江仓组下岩性段为三角洲—湖泊环境的灰色细粒砂岩、中粒砂岩和深灰色泥岩、粉砂岩,含煤2~6层;上岩性段为厚层油页岩段,是一套浅湖—半深湖环境的细碎屑泥岩、粉砂岩。上侏罗统是半干旱和干旱气候下形成的一套红色碎屑岩[12]。

2.2 试验区天然气水合物矿藏特征

祁连山聚乎更天然气水合物分布在140~330 m深度区间,厚度将近200 m[20]。深度较极地冻土区浅[27],天然气水合物矿藏的稳定带厚度受冻土厚度分布制约。钻孔烃源岩镜质体反射率Ro值为0.78%~1.1%,最高热解峰峰温Tmax为470 ℃,处于热演化成熟并大量生成油气的阶段[28]。水合物层甲烷含量为54%~76%,乙烷含量为8%~15%,丙烷含量为4%~21%,并有少量的丁烷、戊烷等,CO2含量一般为1%~7%,高的可达15%~17%。水合物光谱曲线与墨西哥海底水合物样品相似,属于Ⅱ型水合物[12]。碳同位素研究表明,祁连山天然气水合物的气源主要在深部,气源岩生成的气体沿断裂运移至浅部,直接或间接被较晚形成的压型断裂封堵,形成浅部气体聚集,经晚更新世以来的冰期作用,形成水合物或仍以游离、吸附气形式存在于地层中[29]。

3 样品采集与测试

选择祁连山聚乎更天然气水合物已知区进行了方法试验,采样季节是为2012年9~10月份。测区面积150 km2,采样密度2个点/km2,样品采集深度40~60 cm,样品用玻璃纸包装,采集土壤样品300件。样品在室内阴干,加工至120~160目。

土壤样品磨研后放入未加热的热解炉中,然后同时启动气泵测量和热解炉250 ℃恒温加热,使样品连续升温至800 ℃,同时用自动记录仪记录下连续升温过程中的热释汞峰高值。

本次研究分析测试工作由中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所中心实验室完成。实验室在检测工作中,除常规的空白监控、标准样品仪器监控等手段外,采取管理样监控和重复密码样监控、异常点复测等方法进行质量保证。各项测试指标的报出率大于90%,相对误差小于20%,监控样合格率大于86.67%,达到规范和设计要求。

4 结果与讨论

4.1 土壤热释汞含量的分形特征

分形理论以分维数、自相似性、统计自相似性和幂函数等特点被引进到地质学领域 [2331]。成秋明等研究发现,地质成矿过程在某一尺度条件下,具有自相似或统计自相似场的分布规律和描述场值的奇异性 [3133],分形理论是揭示成矿体系时空结构特征的有效方法[32,33]。

分形统计模型:

N(r)=Cr-D　r>0[34]。

其中:r表示He、Ne和CH4的含量;C为比例常数,C>0;D为分维(或分维数),D>0;N(r)表示土壤热释汞含量大于(等于)r的数目。该分形统计模型能够刻画地球化学异常的整体空间结构特性。对土壤热释汞分形统计模型两边取对数, 转化为一元线性回归方程:

lg[N(r)]=-D×lg(r)+lg(C),　r>0。

图2为土壤热释汞分形图,利用热释汞含量和频数绘制散点图,用最小二乘法求出回归模型的分维数(D),从图中可以看出:① 土壤热释汞呈现多重分形,分维数D1为0.292,D2为1.537,D3为 2.260,D4为2.835(表1),第一层区间分维数较小,反映了检出限附近的低值区,这是土壤原始热释汞的地球化学分布;② 第二层分维数也较小,含量区间较小,频数较大,反映了土壤热释汞区域的背景值;③ 第三层分维数较大,含量区间增大,频数较小,反映了土壤热释汞区域异常值,这是地气迁移的土壤热释汞地球化学分布;④ 第四层分维数最大,含量区间最大,频数最小,反映了土壤热释汞局部高异常值,这是断裂渗漏的土壤热释汞地球化学分布特征;⑤ 木里地区土壤热释汞的多重分形分布,不但能从不同层次上揭示出不同地质作用土壤热释汞的分布模式,也能够确定元素异常下限值,本次分形确定的异常下限值为39.24×10-9(表1)。

图2

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图2   祁连山聚乎更矿区土壤热释汞分形图

Fig.2   Fractal graphs of soil thermal-release mercury in Juhugeng in the Qilian mountain


表1   祁连山土壤热释汞分形特征统计

Table 1  The characteristics statistics of thermal-release mercury fractal in the Qilian mountain

分析层次多重分维(Di)含量区间/10-9样品数界线点(ri0)/10-9
10.2925.90~19.4844r12=19.48
21.53719.97~39.2479r23=39.24
32.26039.82~55.0425r34=55.04
42.83558.56~127.3716

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4.2 热释汞与烃类异常分布特征

祁连山聚乎更矿区土壤酸解烃数据来源于中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所[35],取样深度40~60 cm,样品由中石化合肥培训测试中心完成,分析C1~C5 5种烃组分浓度。笔者利用酸解烃甲烷和酸解烃重烃数据使用Excel软件进行原始分析,通过分组频率统计及数据分布特征,利用对数间隔划分为15级,运用克里金方法进行插值处理,制作地球化学图,成图软件为地学信息处理研究应用系统(GeolPAS)。图3为土壤热释汞地球化学图,土壤热释汞最小值5.9×10-9,最大值127.37×10-9,平均值32.59×10-9,变异系数为0.66(表2),利用频率与含量双对数法确定异常下限39.24×10-9。在天然气水合物矿藏上方出现低值异常,该异常区冻土厚度大于65 m[36],满足天然气水合物形成的温压条件[5]。水合物勘探井显示DK-4井、DK-10井、DK10-16井、DK10-17井、DK10-18井均为干井,是水合物边界,土壤热释汞在水合物边界区为高值异常,与水合物勘探井结果相吻合。根据地球化学勘查成果(包括本次土壤热释汞调查)推断出的水合物有利区,布置了DK-9井、DK13-11井、DK12-13井和DK11-14井4口井,均发现天然气水合物(图3)。

表2   祁连山土壤地球化学指标含量特征

Table 2  Values of soil geochemical indications in the Qilian mountain

指标酸解烃热释汞
甲烷重烃
最大值1167.4103.59127.37
最小值1.30.055.9
平均值25.972.232.59
变异系数4.474.160.66

注:酸解烃含量单位μl/kg;热释汞含量单位10-9。

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图3

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图3   祁连山聚乎更矿区土壤热释汞地球化学异常与地质构造

Fig.3   Geochemical anomaly and tectonic map of soil thermal-release mercury in Juhugeng in the Qilian Mountain


图4和图5分别为土壤酸解烃甲烷、重烃地球化学图,酸解烃甲烷、重烃与土壤热释汞异常分布有异同,主要表现在:① 酸解烃甲烷和重烃相关性很高(R2=0.661 4)[28],体现了同源性,在测区西北部煤田区和天然气水合物矿藏上方均有异常分布,在煤田区异常浓度较高,这是由煤层气引起的(下文有介绍),天然气水合物上方的酸解烃异常是由天然气水合物烃类运移引起的,酸解烃异常可以指示天然气水合物矿藏;② 酸解烃异常在天然气水合物异常区呈现环状异常特点,土壤热释汞表现为环状异常特征,异常重合度很高,均有异常面积大,强度高的特点;③ 测区东南部土壤酸解烃甲烷、重烃有异常分布,对应分布土壤热释汞环状异常,可以作为天然气水合物优先勘探区,土壤热释汞可以辅助烃类指标提高勘查率;④ 测区中部热释汞异常发育,这是由于该地区断层发育[12],热释汞的地气迁移比较活跃引起的,中部地区对应的酸解烃甲烷异常强度较低,形成天然气水合物的可能性较小。

图4

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图4   祁连山聚乎更矿区土壤酸解烃甲烷地球化学异常

Fig.4   Geochemical anomaly map of acid extracted methane in Juhugeng in the Qilian Mountain


图5

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图5   祁连山聚乎更矿区土壤酸解烃重烃地球化学异常

Fig.5   Geochemical anomaly map of acid extracted heavy hydrocarbons in Juhugeng in the Qilian Mountain


4.3 地球化学异常烃类气体成因与来源

研究区内煤田众多,煤层气广泛发育,煤层气与天然气水合物成分具有相似之处,在天然气水合物地球化学勘查中排除煤层气的干扰,是关系到水合物地球化学勘查成功率的重要问题。利用土壤酸解烃分析的υ(C1)/[υ(C2)+υ(C3)]值与δ13C1‰值,应用戴金星天然气成因划分标准[37]进行投点,可以有效的区分其成因。本文甲烷碳同位素数据来源于中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所[35]。

甲烷碳同位素结果显示,DK-8井甲烷稳定碳同位素值为-42.99‰~33.53‰,煤田区甲烷稳定碳同位素为-28.97‰~18.53‰,天然气水合物甲烷主要来源为原油伴生气,测区西北部的煤田区甲烷主要来源于煤成气(图6)。

土壤酸解烃受到煤层的影响,在测区西部采煤区呈现面积较大的甲烷的异常,相反,热释汞异常没有受到煤层的影响(图3)。这主要与该区煤层中汞含量较低有关,聚乎更矿区煤层上覆地层空隙较大,淋滤性较好,汞元素随地表水、地下水向下渗漏,不易赋存[38]。热释汞在该区能排除煤层气的影响,是冻土区天然气水合物勘查的一种很好的辅助指标。

图6

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图6   祁连山冻土区钻井岩心气成因的气体组成和同位素综合判别

Fig.6   Interpretive of components and carbon isotopes of the gas desorbed from the drilled cores in the Qilian Mountain permafrost


4.4 热释汞地气迁移机理

综合国内外天然气水合物测井曲线、热释汞异常和天然气水合物矿藏上方的冻土层分布 [3536],我们提出热释汞异常形成的地气迁移机理。

冻土区天然气水合物矿藏上方的物理化学环境从下而上分为4个地球化学带:

1) 天然气水合物矿层:指天然气水合物矿体存在的层位。地球化学作用是以甲烷为主的烃类气体固化成藏,有机物吸收的汞释放。

2) 天然气水合物矿藏稳定带:是指冻土层下界至天然气水合物稳定带下界的地质环境,这也是地球化学分异带,从深部油气藏迁移上来的烃类物质经过地球化学分异作用,部分烃类形成天然气水合物。汞分子半径小,地球化学性质活泼,很容易穿过上覆岩石和冻土层,在水合物矿藏上方形成地球化学异常。

3) 冻土带:地表季节性融冻层至冻土层底界,这是长期冻结层,常规的地球化学反应受到抑制,但地气迁移活跃,汞元素和其它微量元素随地气迁移到近地表。

4) 季节性融化带:主要是近地表的季节性融冻层,土壤有机碳和土壤矿物(石英、长石、伊利石、高岭土等)吸收汞。

综上所述,天然气水合物热释汞的地气迁移机理比较复杂,包括天然气水合物自形成以来吸收的汞含量、烃类穿过永久冻土层垂向迁移、汞元素的渗透迁移、富集。天然气水合物矿藏与外围环境相比,热释汞含量有一定差异,配合其他的物化探资料,可以圈定、预测天然气水合物有利地区。

5 结论

1) 在祁连山聚乎更水合物矿藏上方发现了中等强度的热释汞异常,在未知区也发现了热释汞水合物靶区。热释汞可以作为一种地球化学勘查的辅助手段与甲烷异常、冻土和控矿断裂进行综合解释,可以提高水合物探测的成功率。

2) 从本次研究结果来看,热释汞异常与天然气水合物吻合关系很好,与烃类指标有较好的一致性,加之热释汞是烃类运移、渗漏长期综合作用的结果,信息比较稳定,不易受地表因素的干扰。热释汞是一种快捷、高效、经济的勘查手段之一,可以在冻土区天然气水合物勘查中推广。

3) 天然气水合物热释汞的地气迁移机理比较复杂,多种因素使天然辐射场发生了变化。近地表土壤样品热释汞强度可以明显地显示这种变化,辅助其它地球化学指标,能有效圈定、预测天然气水合物有利地区。

致谢:衷心感谢中国地质调查局青藏高原天然气水合物木里野外科学观测研究站给予工作上大力支持,祝有海研究员、庞守吉博士、张帅博士、吉林大学李冰博士等提供野外帮助,分析测试数据由中石化李广之研究员完成,均深表感谢。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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The well-accepted annular (halo) and apical surface geochemical patterns can not always be found above oil and gas reservoirs. In many cases, patchy and irregular patterns are met, due to complex pathways through which materials from oil and gas reservoirs migrate to the surface. This problem is more keenly felt in local surface geochemical exploration aimed at defining the location and extent of underlying oil and gas. A multi-parameter correlation technique is used to improve such situations. This problem is not so serious in regional surface geochemical exploration for oil and gas, because the aim of regional surveys is to evaluate the regional oil and gas potential, delineate the most promising area and reduce the target for more expensive seismic survey. Some examples are given for illustration. Concerning the future of surface geochemical exploration for oil and gas, development of regional methods covering thousands, tens of thousands or more km 2 of ground in a basin or covering the whole basin should be given the highest priority.

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<p>选择青海省木里地区天然气水合物已知区作为试验区，探索和研究了传统油气地球化学方法（酸解烃、顶空气、&Delta;C）对陆域天然气水合物勘查的适用性和有效性。试验结果表明，天然气水合物已知区浅表层土壤酸解烃、顶空气、&Delta;C等地球化学指标具有顶部异常特征，各指标按累积频率圈定了3处异常，异常范围基本吻合且与地下天然气水合物分布具有良好的相关性，初步提出了&ldquo;酸解烃+顶空气+&Delta;C&rdquo;异常是地下天然气水合物赋存的重要标志。</p>

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中国地质调查局2008年在南祁连盆地木里冻土区采集到了中国陆域第一例天然气水合物实物样品,对于天然气水合物的气体来源存在不同的认识.利用新完钻3口井样品的化验分析结果,分析了中侏罗统和上三叠统烃源岩有机地球化学特征.结果表明,中侏罗统江仓组、木里组煤系地层烃源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC(总有机碳含量)大于1％的样品占78.9％;氯仿沥青“A”含量大于0.1％的占总数的72.2％;有机质类型以Ⅱ2、Ⅱ1型为主;镜质体反射率Ro多介于0.7％～1.2％之间;71个样品生烃潜量平均值为8.8mg/g,总体处于生烃高峰期的生油阶段或凝析油阶段,属于好、很好烃源岩,为天然气水合物主力生烃层系.上三叠统尕勒得寺组亦为煤系地层烃源岩,TOC含量大于1％的样品占76.9％;氯仿沥青“A”含量小于0.05％;有机质类型以Ⅲ、Ⅱ1型为主;镜质体反射率Ro介于1.1％～1.77％之间;总体处于生湿气或干气阶段,但由于构造抬升影响其生烃潜量,平均值仅为0.35mg/g,当前整体生烃能力较差,为非烃源岩或较差烃源岩,对天然气水合物成藏贡献不大.

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青藏高原作为地球陆地碳循环系统的重要组成部分,一直是科学家和环保工作者关注的热点,天然气水合物的发现是否会引发环境和地质灾害再次引起科学家甚至政府部门的重视。本文选用甲烷通量、近地表大气甲烷浓度、土壤甲烷浓度和甲烷稳定碳同位素为监测指标,以祁连山天然气水合物试采区为研究区,开展甲烷排放监测。结果表明:(1)祁连山高寒草原、高寒草甸区甲烷排放具有季节性变化和区域分布特点,最大排放值为19.2 mg/m~2·h,最大吸收值为-108 mg/m~2·h,表现出巨大的碳汇潜力,对青藏高原碳循环具有重要意义;(2)甲烷碳同位素显示冻土区活动层大量存在微生物,10~30 cm甲烷主要微生物成因,微生物活跃期在夏季,冬季则减弱,微生物的代谢影响着甲烷的氧化和产生,嗜甲烷菌的存在对甲烷的排放起很大的控制作用;(3)试采前后近地表大气甲烷含量没有出现"爆炸式"增长,这与研究区天然气水合物的赋存状态和储量及试采方式有关;(4)甲烷排放受多种因素的影响,应加强对土壤温度、土壤湿度和pH值等因素的进一步研究。

Zhang F G, Zhang S Y, Tang R L , et al.

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Lithogeochemical data (major oxides and trace elements) from 1233 surface samples in the Mitchell-Sulphurets precious-metal district (鈮120 km2 in area), British Columbia, were analyzed using fractal and multifractal models. Log-log plots for element concentration-area and perimeter-area relations were employed to separate geochemically anomalous areas from background. The values used for perimeters and areas are the lengths and enclosed areas of geochemical isopleths obtained by interpolation.Elements and oxides, including Au, Cu, As, Ag, K2O and SiO2 within alteration zones associated with copper and gold porphyry system(s) in the district, show power-law type element concentration-area and perimeter-area relations, which can be fitted as straight lines on the log-log graphs. Separate relations inside and outside the potassic, sulphidic and silicic alteration areas can be used to delineate the anomalies. The slopes on the graphs show that Au is much more irregularly distributed than Cu and As in the porphyry systems.

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The concepts of fractals and multifractals have been increasingly applied in various fields of science for describing complexity and self-similarity in nature. Fractals and multifractals are a natural consequence of self-similarity resulting from scale-independent processes. In the present paper, a theoretical investigation is developed to illustrate: (1) the characteristics of multifractality as measured by the parameter t''(q); (2) relationships between multifractality and spatial statistics including semivariogram and autocorrelation in geostatistics, indexes used in lacunarity analysis and correlation coefficients. It can be shown that these statistics primarily are related to multifractality as determined by t''(1). This is an important result because not only does it provide the link between multifractals and spatial statistics but it also shows that statistics based on second-order moments are restrictive in that they only characterize a multifractal measure around the mean value. In applications where extreme values need to be taken into account, the entire multifractal spectrum should be used rather than local properties of the spectrum around the mean only; alternatively, statistics defined on the basis of higher-order moments can be employed for analysis of extreme values. These theoretical results are illustrated by means of application to Landsat TM imagery (bands 1 to 7) from the Mitchell-Sulphurets mineral district, northwestern British Columbia, Canada

成秋明 .

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勘查地球化学和地球物理场的局部空间结构变化性应包括空间自相关性以及奇异性.前者可通过地质统计学中常用的变异函数来实现；后者可用多重分形模型进行刻划.具有自相似性或统计自相似性的多重分形分布(multifractaldistributions)的奇异性（α）可以反映地球化学元素在岩石等介质中的局部富集和贫化规律.而多重分形插值和估计方法可以同时度量以上两种局部结构性质(空间自相关性以及奇异性)，因而，它不仅能够进行空间数据插值，同时还能保持和增强数据的局部结构信息，这对于地球化学和地球物理异常分析和识别是有益的.应用该方法处理加拿大NovaScotia省西南部湖泊沉积物地球化学砷等元素数据表明，地球化学数据的局部奇异性在该区能够反映局部金和钨-锡-铀矿化蚀变带或岩相变化以及构造交汇等局部成矿有利部位.

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In the 1960s Russian scientists made what was then a bold assertion that gas hydrates should occur in abundance in nature. Since this early start, the scientific foundation has been built for the realization that gas hydrates are a global phenomenon, occurring in permafrost regions of the arctic and in deep water portions of most continental margins worldwide. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey made the first systematic assessment of the in-place natural gas hydrate resources of the United States. That study suggested that the amount of gas in the gas hydrate accumulations of northern Alaska probably exceeds the volume of known conventional gas resources on the North Slope. Researchers have long speculated that gas hydrates could eventually become a producible energy resource, yet technical and economic hurdles have historically made gas hydrate development a distant goal. This view began to change in recent years with the realization that this unconventional resource could be developed with existing conventional oil and gas production technology. One of the most significant developments was the completion of the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well on the Alaska North Slope, which along with the Mallik project in Canada, have for the first time allowed the rational assessment of gas hydrate production technology and concepts. Almost 40years of gas hydrate research in northern Alaska has confirmed the occurrence of at least two large gas hydrate accumulations on the North Slope. We have also seen in Alaska the first ever assessment of how much gas could be technically recovered from gas hydrates. However, significant technical concerns need to be further resolved in order to assess the ultimate impact of gas hydrate energy resource development in northern Alaska. [All rights reserved Elsevier].

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