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| Numerical simulation of MT tipper response based on 3D fault models |
LIN Xing-Long1( ), GU Guan-Wen1,2,3(), NIU Xing-Guo4, WU Ye1,2,3, WANG Shun-Ji1, WANG Ying-Jie1, CAO Lai1 |
1. School of Earthquake Sciences,Institute of Disaster Prevention,Sanhe 065201,China
2. Hebei Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics,Sanhe 065201,China
3. Langfang Key Laboratory of Earth Exploration and Information Technology,Sanhe 065201,China
4. Inner Mongolia Nonferrous Geology and Mining (Group) Geophysical Exploration Co.,Ltd.,Hohhot 010010,China |
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Abstract The tipper vector,a significant parameter in magnetotelluric(MT) sounding,is applicable to infer fault structures that cause lateral inhomogeneity of media.Subsurface faults typically exhibit three-dimensionality and complexity.To reveal the MT tipper response characteristics in 3D fault models,this study conducted numerical simulations of the MT tipper response in 3D fault models based on the vector finite element method.First,the validity of the 3D tipper forward modeling program was verified through theoretical model calculations and comparisons with previous finite element results.Subsequently,four typical 3D models for vertical,normal,reverse,and strike-slip faults were employed for forward modeling,obtaining the response characteristics of the real part,imaginary part,amplitude,and phase of the tipper.The simulation results are as follows:(1) In two polarization modes,the response characteristics of the real part,imaginary part,and amplitude of the tipper effectively reflect the properties,strikes,and dip directions of the four different faults while indicating the location of the laterally inhomogeneous boundaries,thus serving as a significant basis for discriminating fault types and characteristics;(2)In contrast,the relatively complex response characteristics of the phase fail to effectively mirror the fault characteristics.
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Received: 29 March 2024
Published: 26 February 2025
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45])
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Section diagram of numerical modeling domain for 3D MT(revised to Shi et al.[45])
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48])
a—domain subdivision;b—location of electric field components
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Domain subdivision of the vector finite element method(according to Nam et al.[48])
a—domain subdivision;b—location of electric field components
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Schematic diagram of the central low-resistance model
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Comparison of the 2D finite element numerical solution and the 3D vector finite element numerical solution of the electric field component of the 2D prism model (1 Hz)
a—plot of the real part of the Ex component;b—imaginary plot of the Ex component
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Comparison of the 2D finite element numerical solution and the 3D vector finite element numerical solution of the horizontal magnetic field component of the 2D prism model (1 Hz)
a—plot of the real part of the Hy component;b—imaginary plot of the Hy component
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Comparison of the 2D finite element numerical solution and the 3D vector finite element numerical solution of the perpendicular magnetic field component of the 2D prism model (1 Hz)
a—plot of the real part of the Hz component;b—imaginary plot of the Hz component
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Comparison of the 2D finite element numerical solution and the 3D vector finite element numerical solution of the electric field component of the 2D prism model (0.1Hz)
a—plot of the real part of the Ex component;b—imaginary plot of the Ex component
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Comparison of the 2D finite element numerical solution and the 3D vector finite element numerical solution of the horizontal magnetic field component of the 2D prism model (0.1 Hz)
a—plot of the real part of the Hy component;b—imaginary plot of the Hy component
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Comparison of the 2D finite element numerical solution and the 3D vector finite element numerical solution of the perpendicular magnetic field component of the 2D prism model (0.1 Hz)
a—plot of the real part of the Hz component;b—imaginary plot of the Hz component
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Comparison of the 2D finite element numerical solution and the 3D vector finite element numerical solution of the tipper response real part of the 2D prism model
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Comparison of the 2D finite element numerical solution and the 3D vector finite element numerical solution of the tipper response imaginary part of the 2D prismatic model
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Schematic diagram of upright fault model extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°
a—schematic diagram of the x-y plane;b—schematic diagram of a profile perpendicular to the fault trend
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Schematic of a upright fault dip profile extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°
a—Tzx tipper real part pseudo-section diagram;b—Tzy tipper real part pseudo-section diagram;c—Tzx tipper imaginary part pseudo-section diagram;d—Tzy tipper imaginary part pseudo-section diagram;e—pseudo-section diagram of the amplitude of the Tzx tipper;f—pseudo-section diagram of the amplitude of the Tzy tipper;g—pseudo-section diagram of the phase of the Tzx tipper;h—pseudo-section diagram of the phase of the Tzy tipper
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T z y tipper plane;c—contour map of the imaginary part of the Tzx tipper plane;d—contour map of the imaginary part of the tipper plane;e—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzx tipper plane;f—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzy tipper plane;g—contour map of the phase part of the Tzx tipper plane;h—contour map of the phase part of the Tzy tipper plane
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Contour map of the tilt plane of a upright fault extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60° at a frequency of 0.1 Hz
a—contour map of the real part of the Tzx tipper plane;b—contour map of the real part of the tipper plane;c—contour map of the imaginary part of the Tzx tipper plane;d—contour map of the imaginary part of the tipper plane;e—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzx tipper plane;f—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzy tipper plane;g—contour map of the phase part of the Tzx tipper plane;h—contour map of the phase part of the Tzy tipper plane
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Schematic diagram of normal fault model extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°
a—schematic diagram of the x-y plane;b—schematic diagram of a profile perpendicular to the fault trend
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Pseudo-section diagram of a normal fault dip extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°
a—Tzx tipper real part pseudo-section diagram;b—Tzy tipper real part pseudo-section diagram;c—Tzx tipper imaginary part pseudo-section diagram;d—Tzy tipper imaginary part pseudo-section diagram;e—pseudo-section diagram of the amplitude of the Tzx tipper;f—pseudo-section diagram of the amplitude of the Tzy tipper;g—pseudo-section diagram of the phase of the Tzx tipper;h—pseudo-section diagram of the phase of the Tzy tipper
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Contour map of the tipper plane of a normal fault extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60° at a frequency of 0.1 Hz
a—contour map of the real part of the Tzx tipper plane;b—contour map of the real part of the Tzy tipper plane;c—contour map of the imaginary part of the Tzx tipper plane;d—contour map of the imaginary part of the Tzy tipper plane; e—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzx tipper plane;f—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzy tipper plane;g—contour map of the phase part of the Tzx tipper plane;h—contour map of the phase part of the Tzy tipper plane
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Schematic diagram of reverse fault model extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°
a—schematic diagram of the x-y plane;b—schematic diagram of a profile perpendicular to the fault trend
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Pseudo-section diagram of a reverse fault dip extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°
a—Tzx tipper real part pseudo-section diagram;b—Tzy tipper real part pseudo-section diagram;c—Tzx tipper imaginary part pseudo-section diagram;d—Tzy tipper imaginary part pseudo-section diagram;e—pseudo-section diagram of the amplitude of the Tzx tipper;f—pseudo-section diagram of the amplitude of the Tzy tipper;g—pseudo-section diagram of the phase of the Tzx tipper;h—pseudo-section diagram of the phase of the Tzy tipper
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Contour map of the tipper plane of a reverse fault extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60° at a frequency of 0.1 Hz
a—contour map of the real part of the Tzx tipper plane;b—contour map of the real part of the Tzy tipper plane;c—contour map of the imaginary part of the Tzx tipper plane;d—contour map of the imaginary part of the Tzy tipper plane;e—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzx tipper plane;f—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzy tipper plane;g—contour map of the phase part of the Tzx tipper plane;h—contour map of the phase part of the Tzy tipper plane
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Schematic diagram of strike-slip fault model extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°
a—schematic diagram of the x-y plane;b—schematic diagram of a profile perpendicular to the fault trend
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Pseudo-section diagram of a strike-slip fault dip extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°
a—Tzx tipper real part pseudo-section diagram;b—Tzy tipper real part pseudo-section diagram;c—Tzx tipper imaginary part pseudo-section diagram;d—Tzy tipper imaginary part pseudo-section diagram;e—pseudo-section diagram of the amplitude of the Tzx tipper;f—pseudo-section diagram of the amplitude of the Tzy tipper;g—pseudo-section diagram of the phase of the Tzx tipper;h—pseudo-section diagram of the phase of the Tzy tipper
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Contour map of the tipper plane of a strike-slip fault extending in the direction of north-northeast at 60°at a frequency of 0.1 Hz
a—contour map of the real part of the Tzx tipper plane;b—contour map of the real part of the Tzy tipper plane;c—contour map of the imaginary part of the Tzx tipper plane;d—contour map of the imaginary part of the Tzy tipper plane;e—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzx tipper plane;f—contour map of the amplitude part of the Tzy tipper plane;g—contour map of the phase part of the Tzx tipper plane;h—contour map of the phase part of the Tzy tipper plane
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