武清凹陷浅层含氟地下水演化特点及成因分析
天津市地质矿产测试中心,天津 300191
Evolution characteristics and genesis of shallow fluorine-bearing groundwater in Wuqing Sag
Tianjin Geological and Mineral Testing Center, Tianjin 300191, China
责任编辑: 蒋实
收稿日期: 2020-02-22 修回日期: 2020-11-28 网络出版日期: 2021-04-20
基金资助: |
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Received: 2020-02-22 Revised: 2020-11-28 Online: 2021-04-20
作者简介 About authors
申月芳(1987-),女,工程师,硕士研究生,主要从事水文地质及工程地质研究工作。Email:
选取武清北水源地所在Ⅳ级构造单元——武清凹陷为研究区,共布设地下水取样点95个。以第一含水组地下水中氟为研究对象,在水文地质调查及取样分析测试基础上,运用水化学图解、统计分析、水文地球化学模拟等方法,分析武清凹陷浅层地下水中F-含量空间分布特征、演化特点及成因。结果表明:研究区浅层地下水F-质量浓度总体较高,分布趋势为以WN—ES为轴线浓度最高,向两侧浓度逐渐降低;高氟地下水的水化学类型较复杂,总体具有弱碱性、高钠、低钙的特征;高氟水形成主要受控于该地区强烈的蒸发浓缩作用、萤石溶解作用、方解石—白云石沉淀作用和F-解吸作用等。
关键词:
In this paper, the Wuqing Sag, a fourth-level tectonic unit where the water source in the north of Wuqing is located, was selected as the research area, and 95 groundwater sampling points were set up. Fluoride groundwater in the first aquifer was taken as the study object.Based on hydrogeological survey and sample analysis, the authors investigated spatial distribution of F- concentrations as well as evolution feature and genesis of fluoride groundwater in shallow aquifer from Wuqing Sag by means of hydrogeochemical plot, statistic analysis and geochemical modeling. The results show that the mass concentration of F- in shallow groundwater in the study area is generally high, the distribution trend is that the concentration in the NW-SE direction is the highest, and the concentration gradually decreases toward both sides, that hydrogeochemical types of groundwater with high F- concentration are relatively complex, and have the characteristics of weak alkali, high sodium and low calcium, and that the formation of high-fluorine water is mainly controlled by the strong evaporation and concentration, fluorite dissolution, calcite-dolomite precipitation, and F- desorption in this area.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
申月芳, 马晗宇, 杨耀栋, 曹阳.
SHEN Yue-Fang, MA Han-Yu, YANG Yao-Dong, CAO Yang.
0 引言
氟是自然界中广泛分布且与人体健康密切相关的微量元素之一,在我国由饮用高氟水导致的地方病现象广泛存在。《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848—2017)[1]和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)[2]规定:饮用水F-质量浓度不得超过1.0 mg/L。长期饮用氟超标水可造成体内氟元素过量,甚至引起氟中毒[3]。天津市武清区属资源型缺水区,由于早前不适当的开发利用水资源,造成区内水资源极度短缺,大量环境水文地质问题层出不穷,劣质水体(高氟、高砷)地下水广泛分布,已成为制约武清区发展的重要因素之一。而目前关于该地区地下水氟的分布特征及成因机理研究较欠缺,因此,查明地下水中氟的空间分布、演化成因,对合理开发利用区域地下水资源、切实保障人民饮水安全具有重大现实意义[4,5,6]。
笔者以武清北水源地所在构造单元——武清凹陷为研究对象,分析区内浅层地下水中氟的空间分布规律、演化特点及成因,为该区地下水资源管理提供科学依据。
1 材料和方法
1.1 研究区概况
武清凹陷位于天津市西部,武清区中北部,属于华北平原东部冲、洪积平原区,区内分布巨厚的新生代沉积物,地势平缓,总体自WN向ES方向倾斜。行政区划涉及武清城关、大孟庄、河西务、大王古、河北屯、下伍旗等12个乡镇。为缓解武清区水资源严重短缺而开辟的武清北应急供水水源地位于下伍旗—河北屯一带。研究区气候类型属暖温带大陆型季风气候,年均气温11.6 ℃,年均降水量606.8 mm,年均蒸发量1 700 mm。
研究区地下水主要赋存于第四系岩土孔隙中,根据其埋藏条件、水力特征,该含水系统自上而下可划分为4个含水岩组:第一含水组底界埋深70~120 m,为潜水、微承压水,地下水循环交替能力强,该层水开采利用程度较高,是农业灌溉用水的主要开采层位,在没有集中供水的农村地区,是人畜饮用水的主要开采层位;第二含水组底界埋深一般小于200 m;第三含水组底界埋深在300 m左右;第四含水组底界埋深在350~400 m,该层是城镇及农村集中生活供水的主要开采层。笔者将含水岩组的第一含水组划分为浅层地下水,第二至第四含水岩组划分为深层地下水。
1.2 样品的采集和分析
本次地下水取样工作于2016年5月集中开展,主要包括研究区内浅层地下水农牧业机井、生活用水取水井等,共计95个取样点(图1)。严格按照《地下水环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T164—2004)标准进行现场记录、取样。取样深度均小于90 m。对样品的pH值、井深、水温进行现场测定。样品封装后送达天津市地质矿产测试中心,在实验室内对K+、Na+采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定,对Ca2+、Mg2+采用等离子发射光谱法测定,对阴离子采用离子色谱法测定,HC
图1
图1
武清凹陷浅层地下水采样点位及F-质量浓度等值线分布
Fig.1
Location of sampling sites and distribution of F- concentration of groundwater in shallow aquifer in Wuqing Sag
2 浅层地下水中氟的空间分布特征
本次研究所指的浅层地下水是指含水层埋深在0~100 m之间的地下水。从分析测试结果看,武清凹陷浅层地下水的F-质量浓度为0.28~3.92 mg/L。利用Sufer软件及已获得的参数将F-质量浓度值进行克里格插值计算,并将差值后的结果导入Mapgis软件,获得研究区浅层地下水中F-质量浓度空间分布规律。
由图1可知,武清凹陷区内浅层地下水F-质量浓度总体较高,分布趋势为以WN—ES为轴线浓度最高,向两侧浓度逐渐降低。F-质量浓度高于2.0 mg/L的地区主要集中在河西务镇、白古屯南部、泗村店北部、大良镇部分区域;F-质量浓度为1.0~2.0 mg/L的地区则集中在高村、大王古、武清城关等西部城镇;研究区东部及南部部分区域浅层地下水F-质量浓度普遍小于1.0 mg/L。地下水高氟分布范围与北京排污河水系走向较为吻合。
3 含氟地下水化学特征
3.1 地下水化学类型
表1 武清凹陷地下水样化学组分特征
Table 1
指标 | ρ(F-)<1.0 mg·L-1水样(N=56) | ρ(F-)>1.0 mg·L-1水样(N=39) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | |
pH | 7.42 | 8.26 | 7.81 | 7.72 | 8.32 | 8.02 |
ρ(F-)/(mg·L-1) | 0.28 | 1.0 | 0.64 | 1.04 | 3.92 | 1.89 |
ρ(K+)/(mg·L-1) | 0.3 | 31.2 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 1.0 |
ρ(Ca2+)/(mg·L-1) | 20.7 | 316.0 | 156.4 | 25.1 | 215.4 | 75.7 |
ρ(Na+)/(mg·L-1) | 38.3 | 530.3 | 192.7 | 46.4 | 610.3 | 273.9 |
ρ(Mg2+)/(mg·L-1) | 12.9 | 216.9 | 76.1 | 14.8 | 175.2 | 72.1 |
ρ(HC | 360.0 | 1031.2 | 567.2 | 299.0 | 1119.7 | 726.6 |
ρ(S | 0.30 | 500.70 | 194.7 | 9.4 | 828.3 | 156.5 |
ρ(Cl-)/(mg·L-1) | 28.4 | 1045.8 | 299.3 | 42.5 | 744.4 | 235.6 |
TDS值/(mg·L-1) | 468.2 | 2600.7 | 1221.84 | 477 | 2825.75 | 1194.76 |
图2
3.2 F-质量浓度与pH值的关系
图3
3.3 F-质量浓度与TDS的关系
F-质量浓度与TDS的关系可分为3类(图4):第一类,低TDS、高氟水,ρ(F-)介于1.08~3.92之mg/L之间,TDS介于0.48~1.37 g/L之间;第二类,中TDS、中氟水,ρ(F-)介于0.47~1.42 mg/L之间,TDS介于1.55~2.82 g/L之间;第三类,低TDS、低氟水,ρ(F-)介于0.28~1.08 mg/L之间,TDS介于0.47~1.49 g/L之间。
图4
3.4 F-质量浓度与其他离子的关系
利用SPSS软件计算ρ(F-)与ρ(Ca2+)的相关性系数为-0.6,呈显著负相关关系。研究区浅层地下水ρ(Ca2+)为20.7~316 mg/L,而高氟地下水(ρ(F-)>1.0 mg/L)的ρ(Ca2+)介于25.1~164.8 mg/L(图5),表明Ca2+浓度较低的地下水中,F-更容易富集。这主要是由于地下水中ρ(Ca2+)的升高会使其与F-发生反应,形成CaF2沉淀,从而降低水中ρ(F-);而Ca2+浓度降低,则氟化物受CaF2沉淀作用的限制解除。
图5
图6
图7
4 高氟水演化成因分析
4.1 蒸发浓缩作用
研究区气候类型为暖温带大陆型季风气候,年均降水量606.8 mm,年均蒸发量1 700 mm,蒸发浓缩作用强烈;且研究区处于径流排泄区,地下水径流缓慢、排泄以蒸发为主。利用Gibbs图可分析地下水的成因机制[16]。研究区地下水采样点主要集中在Gibbs图右上角(图8),表明研究区浅层地下水主要受蒸发浓缩作用影响。强烈的蒸发作用一方面引起地下水中各组分(包括F-)的浓缩[17],另一方面使白云石、方解石趋于沉淀方向,导致Ca2+减小,ρ(Na+)/[ρ(Na+)+ρ(Ca2+)]升高,释放更多F-。研究区ρ(F-)与ρ(Na+)/[ρ(Na+)+ρ(Ca2+)]呈明显的正相关关系(图9),相关性系数高达0.71,表明蒸发浓缩作用是研究区地下水氟富集的主要原因,同时也进一步证明了地下水中Na+对氟富集的正向作用及Ca2+对氟富集的反向作用。
图8
图9
图9
ρ(F-)与ρ(Na+)/[ρ(Na+)+ρ(Ca2+)]的关系
Fig.9
Relationship between ρ(F-)and ρ(Na+)/[ρ(Na+)+ρ(Ca2+)]
4.2 溶解—沉淀作用
图10
图11
图11
ρ(F-)与白云石饱和指数的关系
Fig.11
Relationship between F- concentration and saturation index of dolomine
图12
图12
ρ(F-)与方解石饱和指数的关系
Fig.12
Relationship between F- concentration and saturation index of calcite
图13
图13
ρ(F-)与萤石饱和指数的关系
Fig.13
Relationship between F- concentration and saturation index of fluorite
4.3 吸附—解吸作用
萤石溶解是研究区地下水氟的主要天然来源,而吸附态氟则是另一个不可忽视的来源。研究表明地下水中,OH-与F-存在竞争吸附关系[20]。研究区地下水pH值为7.72~8.32,偏碱性,地层沉积物表面电荷偏负极,溶解态的OH-会置换出沉积物表面的吸附态F-,使其释放至水中,导致地下水中F-浓度增大。
图14
图14
ρ(F-)与ρ(HC
Fig.14
Relationship between ρ(F-) and ρ(HC
图15
图15
ρ(F-)与ρ(HC
Fig.15
Relationship between ρ(F-) and ρ(HC
5 结论及建议
5.1 结论
1) 武清凹陷区内浅层地下水F-质量浓度总体较高,变化范围为0.28~3.92 mg/L,分布趋势为以WN—ES为轴线浓度最高,向两侧浓度逐渐降低。地下水氟超标面积为25 km2。地下水高氟分布范围与北京排污河水系走向虽较为吻合,但通过对研究区高氟地下水的化学组成及成因分析,人类活动并不是影响研究区地下水中高氟现象的主要因素。
2) 研究区高氟地下水的水化学类型较复杂,主要以HCO3-Na、HCO3-Na·Mg、HCO3-Na·Ca·Mg、HCO3·Cl-Na为主,具有弱碱性、高钠、低钙的化学特征。总体上,HC
3) 研究区高氟水的成因包含地下水补、径、排条件、赋存环境、人类活动等多种因素,但主要受控于该地区强烈的蒸发浓缩作用、萤石溶解作用、方解石—白云石沉淀作用、F-解吸作用等。萤石溶解是研究区地下水氟的主要天然来源,蒸发浓缩作用是研究区地下水氟富集的主要机制。
5.2 建议
1) 武清凹陷构造单元包含武清区应急供水水源地, 192眼浅层地下水人畜饮用水水井,供水的水质安全关系到80万人民的身体健康与社会稳定。因此,应对武清区浅层地下水进行分区规划治理与跟踪监测,对高氟区域的供水水井或及时关停或采取适当的降氟措施,避免对高氟水的直接饮用。
2) 农业灌溉方面需注意高氟水对土壤盐碱化、板结方面的影响,同时严禁混层开采,防止高氟水层对深层地下水的污染。
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