地震属性的研究大致从上个世纪60年代开始，经历了几个阶段的发展后得到了广泛的应用.由于地震属性的解释可获得许多有关地层、断层、裂缝、岩性和相的变化的重要特征信息，我们结合地震属性特征参数的意义，从实际应用出发，把地震属性分为了振幅、频（能）谱、相位、复地震道、层序、相关六大类，并根据在地层、断裂、岩性等方面的实际应用进行了详细描述，讨论了属性分析技术原理中应注意的几个环节.最后通过对断裂、河道、火成岩、古潜山等几个实例的详细描述，证明了相干、阻抗、振幅等地震属性的应用效果,说明了地震属性在实际应用中的作用.

Spectral decomposition provides a novel means of utilizing seismic data and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for imaging and mapping temporal bed thickness and geologic discontinuities over large 3-D seismic surveys. By transforming the seismic data into the frequency domain via the DFT, the amplitude spectra delineate temporal bed thickness variability while the phase spectra indicate lateral geologic discontinuities. This technology has delineated stratigraphic settings (such as channel sands and structural settings involving complex fault systems) in 3-D surveys.

The concept of seismic stratigraphy was developed during the 1970's on the basis of 2-D seismic technology. Utilizing reflection terminations, configurations and external forms interpreted from multiple seismic profiles, geologists could analyze seismic facies within depositional sequence boundaries and infer regional-scale depositional environments and depositional history. The introduction of 3-D seismic technology brought dramatic changes to seismic interpretation. In addition to more accurate positioning and geometry control, 3-D seismic data provide crucial in-formation for improving seismic facies analysis: high-resolution horizontal reflection patterns. Seismic sedimentology is the study of depositional lithology, facies, and processes based on the relationships between texture, shape, and trend of horizontal reflection patterns and the morphology of depositional systems. A major obstacle facing seismic sedimentologists used to be their inability to pick reservoir-scale depositional surfaces that were mostly unresolvable in vertical seismic profiles. This problem has been largely resolved in the stratal slicing technique. Stratal slices from two 3-D seismic volumes in Louisiana illustrate that seismic sedimentology can significantly improve seismic facies analysis by (1) reducing ambiguity in seismic facies mapping and interpretation in seismic stratigraphy, (2) increasing the vertical resolution from the third-order sequence or 100-m level to the reservoir or 10-m level (if the depth is less than 3,000 m), and (3) increasing the vertical sampling for studying high-resolution depositional history, even in wedged and growth-faulted depositional sequences.

Two-dimensional, fenced 2-D, and 3-D isosurface displays of some realistic 3-D seismic models built in the lower Miocene Powderhorn Field, Calhoun County, Texas, demonstrate that a seismic event does not necessarily follow an impedance boundary defined by a geological time surface. Instead, the position of a filtered impedance boundary relative to the geological time surface may vary with seismic frequency because of inadequate resolution of seismic data and to the en echelon or ramp arrangement of impedance anomalies of sandstone. Except for some relatively time-parallel seismic events, the correlation error of event picking is large enough to distort or even miss the majority of the target zone on stratal slices. In some cases, reflections from sandstone bodies in different depositional units interfere to form a single event and, in one instance, an event tying as many as six depositional units (interbedded sandy and shaly layers) over 50 m was observed. Frequency independence is a necessary condition for selecting time-parallel reference events. Instead of event picking, phantom mapping between such reference events is a better technique for picking stratal slices, making it possible to map detailed depositional facies within reservoir sequences routinely and reliably from 3-D seismic data.

由于大地吸收作用和干扰波的影响,在一个地区地震采集能获得的成像主频往往有一个极限—— 1/ 4波长的分辨率限制。但是,地震勘探的 1/ 4波长极限却难以满足地质家对探测薄互层地质目标的要求,特别是开发地震中的要求。本文通过对存在储层尖灭 (埋深为 5 10 0 m、厚度为 0～ 35 m)条件下的实际三维地震数据进行处理和解释,研究了厚度小于 1/ 4波长的储层尖灭线的识别问题。通过采用保持振幅和提高分辨率处理,并在声波测井、VSP数据的标定和精细构造解释的基础上,进行沿层振幅提取、沿层波形识别、正演模型和相关信息的综合分析。分析结果表明,根据振幅的调谐作用可以识别厚度小于 1/ 4波长的薄砂层透镜体、岩性尖灭等地质体。这套处理和解释方法特别适合我国陆相沉积环境下的岩性油气藏勘探。

地震属性在碳氢检测、储层参数预测和层序地层解释中已有广泛的应用,但将地震属性用于沉积环境解释却不多见。本文的目的旨在推进这方面的研究工作。在种类繁多的地震属性中,瞬时振幅、瞬时频率、瞬时相位和相干数据体、波形聚类可以定义为基本地震属性,其他地震属性均与这5种基本地震属性有直接或间接关系。这5种基本属性均能反映某种沉积现象:瞬时振幅可以反映地层的波阻抗(速度及密度)和孔隙流体的差异;瞬时相位可以刻画岩性变化的边界和一些异常体的边界;相干数据体可以反映地质体的空间变化;波形聚类可以反映地质体的空间相似程度。为了提高采用基本地震属性解释沉积环境的可信度,用宽方位角观测是十分有益的。采用相对保持振幅与高分辨率处理是必要的条件,在解释中如何合理选择参考标准层进行井信息标定也是成功的重要保证。选择参考标准层的条件是:①该层在研究区具有相同的沉积环境;②该层和目的层间必须在一个沉积旋回内,或处在一个地震波周期内。研究表明,采用上述方法提取的地震属性可以获得地震分辨率小于¼波长的沉积环境信息,就是说,此法可以用于沉积微相的解释和预测,为寻找有利储集相带提供重要信息。

对于陆相薄储层而言，现有的地震分辨率难以满足油田开发的需要。显然，只有突破常规地震勘探定义的1/4波长分辨率极限，才有可能采用地震勘探方法研究中国陆相薄储层的勘探和开发中的问题。针对这一问题，在前人研究的高保真处理基础上，作者提出了在消除近地表影响条件下的相对保持振幅、频率、相位和波形的处理思想，并提出基于参考标准层的标定，以及基于参考标准层的地震属性连续提取和动态解释的一整套技术思路。作者认为，通过动态地震属性的空间差异解释，可以识别小于1/4波长薄储层信息的空间变化。该技术思想在中国多个油田的成功应用表明，利用这套识别薄储层的技术思路可以获得小于1/4波长薄储层的沉积演化信息，进而形成一个“储层演化地震分析”的模式。文中进一步讨论了储层演化地震分析与岩性地震勘探之间的差别，以及它与层序地层学之间的差别与联系。在此基础上较系统地讨论了储层演化地震分析的应用机理及实际应用效果。

A sedimentary geological model is established in order to study the seismic reflection characteristics of channel sand bodies. Synthetic seismic shot gathers are simulated using the acoustic wave equation and then are prestack time migrated. On the imaged data, the reflection characteristics and instantaneous attributes are analyzed and log-constrained impedance inversion is tested. Because of wave field interference, the experimental results show that seismic events do not definitely correspond to the channel sand bodies and that seismic modes of occurrence do not represent the actual ones. The seismic events formed by wave interference may lead to errors and pitfalls in sand body interpretation. The corresponding relations between instantaneous seismic attributes and sedimentary sands are not well established. Log-constrained impedance inversion improves the resolution of channel sands. However, if the inverted resolution is forced to be too high, artifacts related to the initial model may occur.

在对薄层干涉效应进行分析的基础上，通过一个地质模型对地震切片技术存在的问题及其发展潜力进行了相对客观的实验分析。实验分析结果表明：①相对于地震剖面本身，薄层砂体在地震切片上具有更好的可识别性和可检测性；②地震切片能够相对可靠地反映不同砂体的分布特征和物源方向，当砂体累计厚度小于1/4地震波波长时，均方根振幅与砂体累计厚度具有较好的正相关关系；③某层砂体的“零值时间”地震切片不包含该层砂体本身的反射贡献，不同深度砂体的“零值时间”能够较好地反映砂体之间的垂向距离，有助于建立不同深度砂体的沉积模型和叠置关系；④同一层砂体具有多个“零值时间”，“零值时间”地震切片具有周期性，且“零值时间”地震切片与单层砂体具有较好的对应关系，但其出现次序与地层深度是反序的。

ABSTRACT We have developed a novel method to characterize thin beds using zero-crossing-time (ZCT) amplitude slices based on an interesting phenomenon we have noticed. Because of the reflection interferences and wavelet overlap, it is almost impossible to identify each thin bed from the composite response of interbedded thin beds. However, the seismic response of one thin bed does not always interfere with other thin beds at all times. At its ZCTs, a thin bed's reflection makes no contribution to the composite response. Therefore, unlike standard amplitude stratal slices, the imprint of a thin bed does not appear in its ZCT amplitude stratal slices. The latter makes the interference pattern of ZCT amplitude stratal slices different from those of other amplitude stratal slices. Based on this difference, the ZCT amplitude stratal slices of each thin bed can be identified from consecutive amplitude slices, and the thickness, depth, and lateral distribution of each thin bed, as well as the vertical spacing between them, can be estimated from their ZCTs. This interpretive method has been systematically tested with synthetic 3D data and has also been applied to field seismic data.

<p>河流砂岩是陆相盆地常见储层类型及油气储集有利场所。由于河流改道迁移频繁，河流相沉积常为砂、泥岩交互且岩性横向变化快，造成地震反射呈断续特征，利用常规地震资料进行砂、泥岩分辨和预测难度很大。笔者在分析河流砂岩地质特征和地球物理响应的基础上，研究和讨论了砂岩的精确标定、等时地层格架下的精细解释和地震属性提取，优选地震振幅类属性和分频处理预测薄层砂岩的平面展布，构建合理的地质模型，优选参数进行拟声波反演预测砂岩垂向分布及厚度变化等储层预测中的技术问题。通过实际应用和资料验证，采用技术方法合理，并取得了高精度的预测结果。</p>