Abstract: Coalfield survey areas are typically characterized by strong near-surface seismic attenuation, strong absorption-induced seismic attenuation in goafs and coal seams, and pronounced seismic anisotropy. These geological characteristics lead to significant amplitude attenuation and phase distortion of seismic waves during their propagation. Ignoring the effects of medium viscosity and anisotropy in seismic migration imaging will lead to weakened amplitudes, distorted seismic events, and dislocation of reflection interfaces, thereby significantly reducing the imaging accuracy of coal seams and goafs. Hence, based on the generalized standard linear solid (GSLS) model and the anisotropic dispersion relationship under acoustic approximation, this study derived a decoupled pure viscoacoustic anisotropic wave equation with an explicit Q expression. This equation allows for the accurate characterization of the propagation characteristics of seismic waves in viscous, anisotropic coal-rock masses while effectively decoupling the amplitude attenuation term from the phase dispersion term. Compared to the coupled quasi-viscoacoustic anisotropic wave equation, the equation derived in this study eliminates the interference from pseudo S-waves and is unaffected by anisotropy parameters. Compared to the conventional constant-Q attenuation model, the proposed equation exhibits high computational efficiency while maintaining simulation accuracy. Based on this equation, this study developed a Q-compensated anisotropy-corrected reverse time migration (RTM) imaging method for survey areas characterized by strong attenuation and anisotropy in seismic coalfield exploration. This method enables accurate restoration of energy loss and the correction of dislocated reflection interfaces in imaging results for survey areas with coal-rock media. Numerical experiments demonstrate that this imaging method exhibits superior resolution and algorithmic stability in the imaging of coal seam structures and goafs, validating its applicability and effectiveness under complex geological conditions of coalfields.