Abstract: Soil carbon pools constitute a crucial part of global terrestrial carbon pools. Hence, investigating soil carbon pools is critical for understanding the global carbon cycle and changes. Based on the soil carbon data obtained from a multi-purpose regional geochemical survey, this study estimated the densities and stocks of organic and inorganic carbon of soil at depths ranging from 0 to 20 cm, 0 to 100 cm, and 0 to 180 cm in oases on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin. Moreover, it delved into the spatial distribution of carbon density. The results of this study are as follows: (1) The compositions of soil carbon pools varied with the soil depth in the study area. At depths ranging from 0 to 20 cm, the organic carbon stocks accounted for 20.66% of the total carbon stocks. With an increase in soil depth, the organic carbon stocks gradually decreased, while the inorganic carbon stocks gradually increased. At depths ranging from 0 to 180 cm, the inorganic carbon stocks represented 85.73% of the total, suggesting that inorganic carbon predominated in the compositions of soil carbon pools; (2) The soil in three depth ranges exhibited organic carbon densities of 1,956.45, 7,913.37, and 119,73.19 t/km², which were all below the national average level, and inorganic carbon densities of 71,722.84, 37,605.54, and 71,914.93 t/km²; (3) The compositions of soil carbon pools varied somewhat across statistical units. In terms of soil types and land use types, the densities of organic and inorganic carbon were higher in fluvo-aquic soil, brown calcic soil, irrigation-silting soil, and solonchak but lower in aeolian sandy soil and irrigated desert soil. Cultivated land exhibited the highest densities of organic and inorganic carbon in the soil, whereas unused and construction land manifested the lowest carbon densities; (4) In terms of topography, undulating mountains manifested the highest soil organic carbon density, whereas alluvial-proluvial plains displayed relatively high inorganic carbon density; (5) The spatial distribution of soil carbon density in the study area was characterized by high organic carbon densities in the Yanqi Basin, medium organic carbon densities in part of Kashgar Delta (western and southern localities and eastern margin), and high inorganic carbon densities in the Aksu area. Overall, under the background of extreme drought, the oases on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin show high potential for inorganic carbon sink, with soil carbon sequestration significantly influenced by soil types, land use types, and geomorphologic landscapes.